I Made Yasna 6 . 37. ML Varadpande, History of Indian Theatre, Volume 1, Abhinav, ISBN , pages 45-47, ML Varadpande, History of Indian Theatre, Volume 1, Abhinav, ISBN , page 48. The Vendidad is an ecclesiastical code, not a liturgical manual, and there is a degree of moral relativism apparent in the codes of conduct. 14.5 Visperad 5 Yasna 15 Visperad 6 Yasna 16 and 17 Visperad 7 and 8 ( 7 is recited after Y. The very literary form of the exegetical sections dealing with the three sacred prayers makes plain that these sections are taken from other sources. The principal text in the liturgical group is the Yasna, which takes its name from the Yasna ceremony, Zoroastrianism's primary act of worship, and at which the Yasna text is recited. Using new visual source material of images and film clips, this lecture discusses the performance of the Yasna and its significance for the Zoroastrian tradition. Mahendra Kulasrestha (2007), The Golden Book of Upanishads, Lotus. The consecration of water is done by pounding in a mortar the dried twigs of the most sacred ham/hm plant with the sap of fresh pomegranate leaves together with milk/cream. Bareshnum 2. The Yasna, or Izeshne, is primarily the name of the ceremony in which the entire book is recited and appropriate liturgical actions performed. The key steps of Hindu wedding ritual are Kanyadaan and Paanigrahan, Vivaah Homa, Laja Homa and Agni Pradakshina, and finally Saptapadi according to Grihya sutras. 4. Divine Life Society, Rishikesh. The names of the eight priests are preserved in Avestan (zaotar, hwann, sntar, trwax, sraowarz, brt, raikara, f rabrtar, qqv.) The literal meaning of the word abestg is uncertain; it is generally acknowledged to be a learned borrowing from Avestan, but none of the suggested etymologies have been universally accepted. These MSS ultimately derive from the ca. For the films, see. Yajna rituals-related texts have been called the Karma-kanda (ritual works) portion of the Vedic literature, in contrast to Jnana-kanda (knowledge) portion contained in the Vedic Upanishads. In it, the rspg prepares the parhm (Av. Other rituals vary according to regional cultures but these are the key steps of a Hindu Marriage without which the marriage would not be considered complete. 6 IKIP Saraswati, Indonesia . Y. Together, these lesser texts are conventionally called Khordeh Avesta or "Little Avesta" texts. [17] Buddhist ideas went further, criticizing "the Brahmins for their decadence and failure to live in conformity with the Brahmanic legacy of the ancient Brahmins", who claimed the Vedic ancients "lived in self restraint, were ascetics, had no cattle, no gold, and no wealth". The Yasna ceremony may be extended by recitation of the Visperad and Vendidad. There is a raised stone seat for the zd at the north end facing south, in front of which is the main stone table, on which are mortar and pestle for the pounding of the hm plant, two holders for the barsman (tied with a datepalm leaf cord), a knife, filter, and various cups for holding water (b) and libations (zhr); also present are the haoma twigs, a pomegranate, and (goats) milk. 3. 19.17-19), and this was still the practice in late Sasanian times (Modi, p. 281); yet in modern practice they are bundled, thin metal rods placed in the two mhry holders. Date of composition. The initiate is now called NAVAR. The theological function of the yasna ceremony, and the proper performance of it, is to further asha, that is, the ceremony aims to strengthen that which is right/true (one meaning of asha) in the existence/creation (another meaning of asha) of divine order (yet another meaning of asha). for only through the chaste life of a student does he who is a knower find that, Y. Handbook of Oriental Studies. In the interval between each recital, he recites in Baj : Yaozdathra ZarehFrakand, Yaozdathra Zareh Varkash, Yaozdathra Zareh Puiti. The principal text in the liturgical group is the Yasna, which takes its name from the Yasna ceremony, Zoroastrianism's primary act of worship, and at which the Yasna text is recited. . [42] In some regions, a piece of clothing or sashes worn by the bride and groom are tied together for this ceremony. The periods of time are expanded to the three phases of the Moon (the mhyas) in sec. Yasna is the Avestan language name of Zoroastrianism's prinicple act of worship, and it is also the name of the primary liturgical collection of Avesta texts, recited during that yasna ceremony. The Yasna ceremony reenacts the primeval power of "manifestation, creation through fervent wish/desire." The preparation of the sacred drink and/or wine of immortalityham, the holy bread drn, the offering of milk and the evergreen branches barsman, all remind one of the pagan origins of the Catholic Mass that resembles the Yasna . the priest then finishes the Baj. [2] They are addressed to the Sun and Mithra (recited together thrice a day), to the Moon (recited thrice a month), and to the Waters and to Fire. Note that each Avestan word has 9 levels of meaning depending on the context where it is used. [3] The Younger Avestan texts are therefore composite works, with contributions from several different authors over the course of several hundred years. This happened when Dasturji Jamshed Ervad Sohrab Kukadaroo performed the Zor Melavanu kriya. haoma), one of which is not part of the yasna proper. It involves recital of the complete Yasna of 72 Has and pounding of the Hom twigs, thus preparing Hom nu pani. People are deeply involved the whole of the year in their different avocations and walks of life. The yasna ritual. 63 is a short section announcing the worship of the Waters, followed by Y. The Navar initiation entails one to undergo the following 3 stages:1. It may be cake (puroa), pulse (karu), mixed milk (snyya), an animal (pau), the juice of soma-plant (soma), etc; nay, the smallest offerings of butter, flour, and milk may serve for the purpose of a sacrifice. This ceremony is preceded by the Praragna ceremony which is the preparation for the Yasna when these items are brought into the Urvisgah. The Brahmodya Riddle hymns, for example, in Shatapatha Brahmana's chapter 13.2.6, is a yajna dialogue between a Hotri priest and a Brahmin priest, which would be played out during the yajna ritual before the attending audience. Religious Ceremonies and Customs of the Parsees Sir J. J. Mody pg 247 310. The yasna is the central ritual of Zoroastrianism, which has as its focus the consumption and preparation of the sacred drink of immortality haoma. The remaining fargards deal primarily with hygiene (care of the dead in particular) [fargard 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 16, 17, 19] as well as disease and spells to fight it [7, 10, 11, 13, 20, 21, 22]. 1 niwaayemi hankrayemi I consecrate, I accomplish (this yasna) followed by the name of the deity or deified entity, now in the genitive, now in the dative; Y. In its present form, the Avesta is a compilation from various sources, and its different parts date from different periods and vary widely in character. The fire altar or the Yajna Kunda is square. The Avestan Passages of Yasna tell us that T ime has two essential aspects: the Time without shore, (Zarvaan-akarn ), eternal Time; and long lasting or limited Time (Zarvaan-darenj). The Sanskrit word is related to the Avestan term yasna of Zoroastrianism. Y. 18-52. By J. Boyd and R. Williams. It is a ceremony of invocation and dedication of high order, requiring ritually purified utensils and libations. . To qualify for the performance of the ceremony, these priests have to go through the Gewra ceremony - consisting of performing the . Yasna is the Avestan language name of Zoroastrianism's principal act of worship, and also the name of the primary liturgical collection of Avesta texts, recited during that yasna ceremony.. The function of the yasna ceremony is, very roughly described, to strengthen the orderly spiritual and material creations of Ahura Mazda against the assault of the destructive forces of Angra Mainyu.The yasna service, that is, the recitation of the Yasna texts, culminates in the ap zaothra, the "offering to the waters."The ceremony may also be extended by recitation of the Visperad . I, p. 66). The ultimate goal of the yasna is the maintenance of the cosmic integrity of the good creation of Ahura Mazd. 1200 Neryosangh wrote a translation of the Pahlavi in Sanskrit. The Vendidad's different parts vary widely in character and in age. The word is linguistically and functionally related to Vedic Sanskrit yajna. From a literary point of view, the 72 chapters consist of two nested inner cores, and an outer envelope. The British Library: Discovering Sacred Texts - Zoroastrianism, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avesta&oldid=1145949491, This page was last edited on 21 March 2023, at 22:20. IN ZOROASTRIANISM and other cross-referenced articles in EIr. The first fargard is a dualistic creation myth, followed by the description of a destructive winter (compare Fimbulvetr) on the lines of the Flood myth. [24][25] In other cases, yajnas were symbolic, such as in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad hymn 3.1.6, where "the mind is the Brahmin of sacrifice" and the goal of sacrifice was complete release and liberation (moksha).[23]. 61 returns to a glorification of the three sacred prayers plus the Dahm friti. The term sde pure indicates that these text are not accompanied by the Pahlavi gloss. Apastamba Yajna Paribhasa-sutras 1.1, Translator: M Dhavamony[11][12], In the Upanishadic times, or after 500 BCE, states Sikora, the meaning of the term Yajna evolved from "ritual sacrifice" performed around fires by priests, to any "personal attitude and action or knowledge" that required devotion and dedication. Then there is the usual Dadgah Atash, Aesma-bui-fragrant wood, Khuan Stone slabs for the Fire Afarganyu, for the Alaat, for the officiating priest and for the Zaothra. 56 is a short invocation of Sraoa, while Y. [n 2] The search for the 'Arsacid archetype' was increasingly criticized in the 1940s and was eventually abandoned in the 1950s after Karl Hoffmann demonstrated that the inconsistencies noted by Andreas were actually due to unconscious alterations introduced by oral transmission. Learn how your comment data is processed. The Yasna, similar but not identical to the Sanskrit Yagna is a core ceremony which brings together all creation to strengthen each day. Y.) 19-27. W. W. Malandra, Notes on the Avestan Grammatical Tradition, in M.M. 1100, itself derived from two MSS of ca. 1-8 (Y. The zautar might be assisted by a number of other ritual specialists. [11], In the early 20th century, the legend of the Parthian-era collation engendered a search for a 'Parthian archetype' of the Avesta. After her habilitation in Berlin with a study of the semantics of reward in Ancient Iranian (Avestan) and Vedic Sanskrit texts, she spent a term at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton. It provides a critical edition produced with the electronic tools of the . 10-23 contain further invocations of deities with some repetitions of those in secs. Vide above, p. 296. This requires 3 ordained priests. Vide dron in the Yasna ceremony. [29] A typical Hindu marriage involves a Yajna, where Agni is taken to be the witness of the marriage. [5] In post-Vedic literature, the term meant any form of rite, ceremony or devotion with an actual or symbolic offering or effort. William W. Malandra,YASNA,Encyclopdia Iranica,online edition, 2006,available at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/yasna (accessed on 20September 2016). [17] The oblations recommended are cow milk, ghee (clarified butter), seeds, grains, flowers, water and food cakes (rice cake, for example). Handbook of Oriental Studies. Other large Avestan language manuscript collections are those of the British Museum ('L'-series), the K. R. Cama Oriental Library in Mumbai, the Meherji Rana library in Navsari, and at various university and national libraries in Europe. Throughout the day, Parsis greet one another with the rite of hamzor, in which. Y. Chinvat bridge. These sections contain Avestan commentaries on the three sacred prayers taken from the lost Bag Nask (Y. The word comes from Avesta Zu means to perform religious ceremonies. (India) Sedreh pushi The Navjote ceremony is the ritual through which an individual is inducted into the Zoroastrian religion and begins to wear the Sedreh and Kushti. 2023 Encyclopdia Iranica Foundation, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Jack Sikora (2002), Religions of India, iUniverse. At the earliest this would be 4th century C.E., though it could well be much later. 1-4, 6, while Y. It consists of 72 sections called the Ha-iti or Ha. 9-11.11), the zd takes three draughts of the parhm. Kindly Guide me . [3] Even today, the Vendidad is the only liturgical text that is not recited entirely from memory. The fundamental description of the manuscripts and the tracing of their various lineages was undertaken by Geldner (1896) in his Prolegomena. While his treatment of the Pahlavi (and Sanskrit) Yasna tradition is fairly clearly laid out, his discussions of the other Yasna traditions are difficult to find and to follow. [8][9] The Sanskrit word is further related to Ancient Greek (hzomai), "to revere", deriving from the Proto-Indo-European root *Hyeh- ("to worship"). F. Wolff, Avesta, Strassburg, 1910, pp. There also are offerings of bread and milk and, formerly, of meat or animal fat. Randall Collins (1998), The Sociology of Philosophies, Harvard University Press. In a number of places the received text of the Yasna includes citations from an otherwise lost tradition of commentary in Avestan on the sacred prayers (Y. The yasna service, that is, the recitation of the Yasna texts, culminates in the ap zaothra, the "offering to the waters." Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Yasna 9.16 mentions the term asu in connection with haoma. Lorenz Educational Press. 17 f.), although Islamic period accretions cannot be ruled out. "[2] The culminating act of the yasna ceremony is the Ab-Zohr, the "strengthening of the waters". Ceremony on the 6th day (CHHATTHI) after the baby is born. The legends of an Arsacid-era collation and recension are no longer taken seriously. Y. Just as the liturgy accompanying the yasna has evolved over time, so too the ritual itself. The Yasna (from yazin "worship, oblations", cognate with Sanskrit yaja), is the primary liturgical collection, named after the ceremony at which it is recited. [Jasa Me Avanghe Mazda, Pledge of faith, Yasna 12.8-9] . The manuscript tradition. [35] However, in ancient times, the square principle was incorporated into grids to build large complex shapes for community events. From a ritual point of view, the liturgy can be broken into 4 major sections, each having its own internal prelude: Some sections of the Yasna occur more than once. The Pahlavi Yasna. Northern Book Centre, 1986. will designate the text, yasna the ritual itself. Aside from the Yashts, these other lesser texts include the Nyayesh texts, the Gah texts, the Siroza, and various other fragments. The Zoroastrian initiation ceremony, called the Navjote by Parsi Zoroastrians or Sudreh-Pushi by Iranian Zoroastrians, involves the investiture of a sacred shirt (sudreh) and sacred cord (kushti) that will be worn throughout life as a reminder of how to live ethically. Then comes the "paragna" ceremony where all the alats are purified. This may not be so surprising when one considers that the Avesta generally, including the Gs, is actually a school text (see Malandra). The chief ceremony, the Yasna, essentially a sacrifice of haoma (the sacred liquor), is celebrated before the sacred fire with recitation of large parts of the Avesta. Folios 96-97 of this copy of the Yasna sdah, or 'pure' Yasna (i.e. They include the five sections consisting of seventeen hymns which are believed to have been composed by Zoroaster himself. 1. In its normal form, this ceremony can only be performed in the morning. 223-33. Michael Witzel (2003), "Vedas and Upaniads", in The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism (Editor: Gavin Flood), Blackwell. M. Stausberg, ed., Zoroastrian Rituals in Context, Leiden, 2004 [esp. The term Avesta is from the 9th/10th-century works of Zoroastrian tradition in which the word appears as Middle Persian abestg,[4][5] Book Pahlavi p(y)stk. The groom faces west, while the bride sits in front of him with her face to the east, he holds her hand while the Rig vedic mantra is recited in the presence of fire.[4][40]. grva) was being superceded by the brass mortar and pestle used to this day. In its normal form, the Yasna ceremony is only to be performed in the morning. The drn, now bread consumed by the zd, is a replacement for the flesh offering. Only texts in the Avestan language are considered part of the Avesta. For example, prefix repetition as in e.g. Performed after midnight, when the forces of darkness and evil are at their peak, the Vendidad ritual is aimed at destroying these negative forces. Y. While each performance has a lay patron, the laity is barred from entry into the sacred space (pv) where the ritual is performed. [1] Yajna has been a Vedic tradition, described in a layer of Vedic literature called Brahmanas, as well as Yajurveda. A Short History of Religious and Philosophic Thought in India. Although the Frawarn (Confession of Faith) is recited already at Y. 19-21) and the Gs (Y. [6] The oldest Vedic Upanishads, such as the Chandogya Upanishad (~700 BCE) in Chapter 8, for example state,[13], Secs. Water drawn for the first, and secondtime is rejected and allowed to flow into plants or the soil. [36] Thus a rectangle, trapezia, rhomboids or "large falcon bird" altars would be built from joining squares. 11 concludes with blessings and curse and other prayers. Both the priests proceed to the well, where the water had been originally drawn from and carry with them the Havanim which is the Mortar where the Hom was pounded alongwith Zaothra and Jivam. Public domain. One plantain or banana is placed . Summary of the content. Urvaram - Twigs of the Pomegranate tree known as Hadhaneptam in Avesta 3. The yasna, like the yagna, is a Bronze Age Aryan ritual which . It provides a critical edition produced with the electronic tools of the . This is the parag, a ritual carried out by the rspg prior to the yasna. Vedananda (Swami). liveops nation litmos; how to tell if someone is faking tics; moving in with mom after dad died The Hom ni Sali - Twigs of the Ephedra plant. Gewra 3. Initiation ceremony (age 7-12) including ritual bathings. The yasna is the central ritual of Zoroastrianism, which has as its focus the consumption and preparation of the sacred drink of immortality haoma. The proper methods for the rites are part of Yajurveda, but also found in Riddle Hymns (hymns of questions, followed by answers) in various Brahmanas. This book is a multi-faceted study of the Sr Drn, comprising chapters 3 to 8 of the Yasna ceremony, the core ritual of the Zoroastrian religion. Each circuit around the fire is led by either the bride or the groom, varying by community and region. 64 composed of quotations from Gic stanzas. The life cycle ceremony process is a process of spiritual self cleansing to lead to physical . [9] Tansar's work was then supposedly completed by Adurbad Mahraspandan (high priest of Shapur II, r. 309379 CE) who made a general revision of the canon and continued to ensure its orthodoxy (Dk 4F, AVN 1.121.16). G. Kreyenbroek, The Hrbedestn and Nrangestn III, Paris, 2003. Y. It is curious to find such scholastic commentaries embedded in a liturgical text. 14-18 contain various invocations, in many instances repeating material already contained in Y. [17] These ideas of substitution, evolution from external actions (karma-kanda) to internal knowledge (jana-kanda), were highlighted in many rituals-related sutras, as well as specialized texts such as the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad (~800 BCE), Chandogya Upanishad, Kaushitaki Upanishad and Pranagnihotra Upanishad. 52), and Wahitit (Y. Aum Hindutvam: (daily Religious Rites of the Hindus). The ceremony involves 33 Alaats, from the mineral, vegetable and the animal kingdom. Section 2 South Asia, Volume: 3. 35-41) plus a later interpolation (Y. sma) and from animal sacrifice (nowadays preserved only in the clarified butter, gudg, which is consumed with the bread offering, drn). In their present form, they are all in prose but analysis suggests that they may at one time have been in verse. Y. ( e.g.44.7 = Yasna Ch. Through colophons the entire family can be traced back to the MS of Farnbag, ca. The principal text in the liturgical group is the Yasna, which takes its name from the Yasna ceremony, Zoroastrianism's primary act of worship, and at which the Yasna . | P: 310-206-6042 Arguably one of the most poetic . 61.5, 70.5). This ceremony is only performed at night. by Almut Hintze (SOAS University of London). Hazen, Walter. [5][6] In Rigveda, Yajurveda (itself a derivative of this root) and others, it means "worship, devotion to anything, prayer and praise, an act of worship or devotion, a form of offering or oblation, and sacrifice". For the films, see, "Yagnam" redirects here. [3] With extensions, it takes about an hour longer. The maintenance of cosmic stability depends on the integrity of this relationship. The Yashts vary greatly in style, quality and extent. Read More celebration of Gahanbar In Gahanbar [8], The Denkard also records another legend related to the transmission of the Avesta. There are many kinds of haoma and the growing range was the mountain ranges (Yasna 10.12, 10.21). 5 = Y. Pourdavoud Center is part of the Humanities Division within UCLA College. 1.3-17 with the substitution of yese yati for niwaayemi hankrayni without any attempt to change the case endings; Y. Yasna. On the final day of the initiation, the initiate performs the Yasna ceremony himself. [14] The Shvetashvatara Upanishad in verse 1.5.14, for example, uses the analogy of Yajna materials to explain the means to see one's soul and God, with inner rituals and without external rituals. Several translators of the Yasna describe asu as a characteristic of haoma and their conclusions are varied. 0 [19] Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron travelled to India in 1755, and discovered the texts among Indian Zoroastrian (Parsi) communities. A pre-Sasanian history of the Avesta, if it had one, lies in the realm of legend and myth. UNDERSTANDING AND PRACTICE OF JASHAN CEREMONY ERVAD JEHAN BAGLI and ERVAD ADI UNWALA CONTENTS Foreword by Dastur Firoze Kotwal i Preface ii. These MSS are actually of the Yasna, into which have been inserted the Venddd and Vispered, and were used for liturgical purposes outside of the regular Yasna proper. Monier Monier-Williams, Sanskrit English Dictionary, Oxford University Press. [20] The Buddha sought return to more ancient values, states Tadeusz Skorupski, where the Vedic sages "had study as their grain and wealth, guarded the holy life as their treasure, praised morality, austerity and nonviolence; they performed sacrifices consisting of rice, barley and oil, but they did not kill the cows". I do not know where it is available in Mumbai. Extensions to the Yasna ceremony include the texts of the Vendidad and the Visperad. With the priest or priests acting on behalf of the sacrificer, the god or gods were invoked . The text consists of 22 Fargards, fragments arranged as discussions between Ahura Mazda and Zoroaster. 63-69 are sections dealing with the ritual offerings to the Waters (b-zhr). The Siroza ("thirty days") is an enumeration and invocation of the 30 divinities presiding over the days of the month. The widely repeated derivation from *upa-stavaka is from Christian Bartholomae (Altiranisches Wrterbuch, 1904), who interpreted abestg as a descendant of a hypothetical reconstructed Old Iranian word for "praise-song" (Bartholomae: Lobgesang); but this word is not actually attested in any text. Correspondingly, the nasks are divided into three groups, of seven volumes per group. They often drew upon inherited Avestan compositions which had been received in good grammatical form. The second fargard recounts the legend of Yima. Oblations are offered into the fire. 47-50), Wohuxar (Y. Yasna chapter and verse pointers are traditionally abbreviated with Y. A film on the Zoroastrian Yasna and Afrinagan Ceremonies in 1982. [24] The duration of a yajna depends on its type, some last only a few minutes whereas, others are performed over a period of hours, days or even months. 1020.They are the most important MSS. . At the third time water drawn is brought to the Yazashne Gah. Of prime importance are : This is a very difficult question to answer. Then standing before the well and sliding the lid slightly off the Havanim, they both recite a short formula, the Jyoti pours a small quantity of the liquid back into the well in three parts.
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