Using electronic health records (EHRs) to link school nurses and health care systems is usually limited in scope despite EHRs advancement in these health care systems. Eleven SRs included studies located in countries with high-income or upper-middle income economies only [19,20,2325,2933,37,38,39]. Geryk and colleagues found that education on correct use of an inhaler improved inhaler technique, regardless of deliverer, method, or duration of the intervention [31]. This overview presents multiple effective interventions that may be offered as a part of school health services delivered by a health provider. The remaining Cochrane review was given a critically low level of confidence, though this may be because it was published in 2006 and standards for both the methods and reporting of Cochrane reviews have improved in recent years. Health records have played an increasingly important role throughout history as an important le-gal document for the exercise of individuals' rights. Nonetheless, it is interesting to note that all four of the SRs given moderate or high levels of confidence were Cochrane reviews. Given the wide reach of schools [8] and the fact that school health services already exist in at least 102 countries [9], research on the effectiveness of school health services in LMIC and LIC must be prioritized in order to fulfill Sustainable Development Goal 3.8 and reach universal health coverage by 2030 [51]. For students with chronic health conditions, school nurses and other health care providers play a large role in the daily management of their conditions. Importance of Cumulative Records. Evans and colleagues found no statistically significant difference in the proportion of students wearing spectacles at 14 months follow-up between vision screening with provision of ready-made spectacles and vision screening with provision of custom-made spectacles in a meta-analysis of three RCTs [21]. This overview considered SRs published in 2016, 2017, or 2018 to be up-to-date. School health records give the provision for a school nurse to communicate information to students, families, the school multidisciplinary team, emergency personnel, other healthcare providers, and school nurse substitutes. Finally, meta-analysis by Werner-Seidler and colleagues of 81 RCTs on the effectiveness of depression and anxiety prevention and group therapy programs found small yet statistically significant effect sizes in favor of the intervention groups for both depression and anxiety as compared to control groups [28]. [8] Yeager, P. E. (2016). There were no date restrictions on publication of included SRs. The most promising evidence from a SR was on topical application of fluoride gel for the prevention of dental caries [25], although the necessity of this intervention may be questioned where flouridated commerical toothpaste is readily available. Third, the scopes of individual SRs often differ from the scope of the overview, a problem that Ballard and Montgomery call a scope mismatch [13]. The computer software organizes data in ways that are easy to interpret and put to use. A strength of this overview is that it attempted to answer a question that has not yet been answered regarding the effectiveness of both comprehensive and specific school health services delivered by a health provider. There is no definitive guidance on how to correct for overlap, as both including or excluding overlapping SRs presents potentially biased results [13,15]. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. It's especially important to keep IEP and 504 plan records. Hennegan and Montgomery found a high level of heterogeneity and substantial risk of bias in the included studies overall, thus they were unable to make conclusions about the effectiveness of menstrual management interventions [22]. In 2015, the top five leading causes of death for 59 year olds were lower respiratory infections, diarrheal diseases, meningitis, drowning, and road injury [47]. Arora and colleagues did not find any RCTs that looked at the effectiveness of dental health screening versus no screening on improving oral health outcomes, but their search did locate six RCTs from the United Kingdom and India with dental care attendance as the outcome [18]. It was also designed to suggest further research in areas where recent systematic reviews (SRs) exist, but with insufficient evidence. WHO has long recognized the link between healthand education and the potential for schools to playa central role in safeguarding student health andwell-being. Five databases were searched through June 2018. Telehealth programs are expensive, with mobile telehealth carts costing anywhere from $20,000 to $60,000, which doesn't include costs related to staffing, routine maintenance, and upkeep. Additional systematic reviews are needed that analyze the effectiveness of comprehensive school health services, and specific services for under-researched health areas relevant for this population. To receive email updates about this page, enter your email address: We take your privacy seriously. All rights reserved. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. Each of these three assessment tools allows users to analyze the comprehensiveness of the policies, programs, and infrastructure in place to address student and staff health. But did you know there are other records, both formal and informal, that are important to keep for future reference? PubMed, Web of Science, ERIC, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Library were searched systematically. However, it is difficult to formulate an overarching answer about the effectiveness of school health services for improving the health of school-age children and adolescents due to the heterogeneity of SRs found and the evident gaps in the SR literature. Valentina Baltag, Yet no SRs on vaccinations fulfilled the inclusion criteria for this overview, suggesting the need for these SRs to be conducted, focusing on whether vaccinations for this age group should be delivered as part of a school health service or not, rather than on whether the vaccination per se is effective. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. School health assessments give schools a snapshot in time of programs and policies that address student and staff health. The World Health Organization (WHO) launched the Global School Health Initiative in 1995 with the goal to improve child, adolescent and community health through health promotion and programming in schools [1]. I am Tim Stephens. School health services (SHS), as defined in this guideline, are services provided by a health worker to students enrolled in . Six SRs included at least one study from countries with lower-middle income or lower income economies [18,21,22,28,35,36]. There was 92% agreement between reviewers for all items within the standard form, with discrepancies only in level of detail. All schools funded by the Alliance for a Healthier Generation are required to use the Healthy Schools Inventory for planning, national recognition, and program evaluation. This decision was made because of the vast numbers of reviews available and the increased rigor associated with the term systematic. Furthermore, this overview exposes a mismatch between the SR literature on effectiveness of school health services and the actual school health services that are most commonly delivered. Amongthose approaches, pairing children with healthservices occupies an important place. McDonald and Drey narratively assessed group-based art therapy as an intervention for children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD), moderate to severe behavior problems, or learning disorders [33]. In addition, school health data provides the potential to determine the most effective interventions to support the well being of children. With no state or program requirement, how does a school decide which school health assessment to complete?It will depend on your needs. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. This lag may preclude the ability for an overview to truly reflect current knowledge [13]. For example, a PHR enables you to: Track and assess your health. Although the overall degree of overlap between all SRs within this overview was slight, the overlap between just these five SRs targeting mood disorders was high (CCA = 11). Hardware interventions included provision of sanitary products and software interventions focused on menstrual management education. The same two reviewers screened the full text of all the potentially or probably eligible articles using a ranked list of the inclusion criteria (S1 Appendix). The FRESH framework promotes four pillars: health-related school policies, provision of safe water and sanitation, skills-based health education and school-based health and nutrition services [2]. If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. While other pillars of Health Promoting Schools have relevant guidance documents, guidance on school health services is limited and not explicitly evidence-based. Only three SRs [18,21,25] were scored as having moderate levels of confidence and just one [30] was given a high level of confidence. (2019). To be included in this overview, at least 50% of studies within each SR had to fulfill all inclusion criteria. A health book contains the names of students/Pupils who brings complains to the clinic, . Improvements in trauma-related symptoms and impairment were found through narrative assessment of creative expression interventions, cognitive behavioral interventions, and multifaceted interventions [36]. These SRs contained 270 primary studies, 225 of which were unique and 45 were included in more than one SR. The remaining three SRs also assessed FRIENDS and PRP along with additional often-overlapping programs. First, an overview is unlikely to include the latest evidence if recent primary studies have not yet been included in SRs. To receive email updates about this page, enter your email address: We take your privacy seriously. The most common reasons for exclusion were, first, if at least 50% of studies included within a SR were unclear for at least one criterion (e.g. Eleven SRs included only cluster- and individually-randomized controlled trials [1921,24,27,28,30,32,34,37], seven SRs included other types of controlled and uncontrolled experimental studies in addition to RCTs [22,25,26,31,33,35,36], and two SRs included only QEs [29] or controlled clinical trials [23]. In turn, good health is linked to reduceddrop-out rates and greater educational attainment,educational performance, employment andproductivity. Thus, responsibility for interventions may need to be redistributed in countries with limited access to health professionals. This overview was conducted using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) [11]. school health services Although all SRs were included if at least 50% of the primary studies within them fulfilled all inclusion criteria, SRs where closer to 100% of primary studies fulfilled all criteria were considered to be better matched than those with closer to 50%. Advancement in the use of EHRs occurred with the passage of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, which provides incentives for p The sixth study assessed a 4-day program in Brazil. Why are there different school health assessments?Different school health assessments are available to address specific areas of concern in school health and school improvement efforts. The SRs were written in English and published between 2006 and 2018. Articles that received conflicting votes (ineligible vs. potentially or probably eligible) were discussed and consensus was reached. The grading system is available in Tables E and F in S6 Appendix. implementation guidance calls for the prioritization of school health programs as an important step towards universal health coverage and urges that Every school should be a health promoting school [10]. National Association of School Nurses. Body and Mind Classroom Resources for Teachers, Unit 6: Mental Health, Child Development, & Hygiene, Unit 7: Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. School health assessments give schools a snapshot in time of programs and policies that address student and staff health. The search strategy is presented in S2 Appendix. This SR did not discuss the quality or risk of bias of included studies [35]. The effectiveness of school-based mental health services was assessed in nine SRs (Table 3C) [19,23,24,28,29,3234,36,39]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. We are also grateful for advice from the WHO school health services guideline Steering Group and Guideline Development Group members. A detailed search strategy was iteratively developed in consultation with a librarian experienced in SRs and an expert in school health services. The final three SRs either did not state the locations of included studies [27,34] or provided regions rather than specific country locations [26]. However, these results did not persist at follow-up [20]. Any of these three school health assessments will be helpful in data-driven decision making and action planning. Five SRs covered depression and/or anxiety prevention and early intervention programs, with the FRIENDS for Life program (FRIENDS) and the Penn Resiliency Program (PRP) most common [19,24,28,32,34]. SRs addressed various intervention types: universal interventions [19,24,28,32,34,39]; targeted interventions for military-connected children [29], children and adolescents at risk for depression and/or anxiety [28,34], refugee and war-traumatized youth [36], and children referred to therapy [33]; and indicated interventions for children and/or adolescents diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder [23], depression [24,28,39], or anxiety [24,34,39]. 1720 references were identified from the systematic literature search. The full list of the specific reasons for exclusion of full texts is available in Table A within S3 Appendix. Saving Lives, Protecting People, Research Brief: Addressing the Needs of Students with Chronic Health Conditions: Strategies for Schools, Research Brief: Chronic Health Conditions and Academic Achievement, Fact Sheet: Health Insurance for Children: How Schools Can Help, Fact Sheet: Managing Chronic Health Conditions in Schools: The Role of the School Nurse, National Center for Medical Home Implementation School Nurses Linking with the Medical Home, Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS), National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors and Academic Grades, Tobacco Product Use Behaviors and Academic Grades, Other Health Behaviors and Academic Grades, Characteristics of an Effective Curriculum, Tips for Promoting School Employee Wellness, Physical Education Curriculum Analysis Tool, Health Education Curriculum Analysis Tool (HECAT), Body Mass Index (BMI) Measurement in Schools, Inclusive School Physical Education and Physical Activity, Physical Activity Before and After School, What School Nutrition Professionals Need to Know About COVID-19, Modifying School Spaces During Mealtimes to Reduce Spread of COVID-19, Supporting Students with Chronic Health Conditions in School-Based OST Programs, Healthy and Supportive School Environments, Strategies to Create a Healthy and Supportive School Environment, Strategies to Help Parents and Families Create Healthy and Supportive School Environments, How Families Can Support Student Health and Emotional Well-being, Toolkit for Schools: Engaging Parents to Support Student Health and Emotional Well-being, School Health Policies and Practices Study (SHPPS), e-Learning Series: Training Tools for Healthy Schools, Comprehensive School Physical Activity Program, Guide to Evaluating Professional Development, Understanding the Training of Trainers Model, Professional Development Follow-Up Support, How to Build a Training Cadre: A Step-by-Step Process, Guide to Promoting Professional Development, Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child (WSCC), Encourage healthy eating in school and at home, Dental Sealants Can Improve Students Oral Health, Give Your Kids a Healthy Body and Mind This Summer, Engaging Parents to Promote Healthy Schools, Funded Nongovernmental Organizations for Healthy Schools, BAM! If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. To investigate the effectiveness of school health services for improving the health of school-age children and adolescents, a systematic review of systematic reviews (overview) was conducted. However, domestic legislation fails to define health records as a legally important collection of health data and documents. This document was followed throughout the review process and is available in S1 Appendix. Schools are essential for young people to acquireknowledge, socioemotional skills including selfregulationand resilience, and critical thinking skillsthat provide the foundation for a healthy future. Duplication of effort is something all three organizations would like to avoid. 570 were duplicates, leaving 1150 titles and abstracts to be screened. Vision screening linked with free provision of spectacles, as a component of a comprehensive school eye health program, is an example of a cost-effective form of school health services that may be implemented. Primary studies included within the SRs were published between 1967 and 2017. The details of the quality appraisal of primary studies included in the SRs are given in Table B in S4 Appendix. Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. They found statistically significant improvements in self-reported measures of anxiety for participants who completed the program as compared to those in the control group [32]. School records include books, documents, diskettes and files that contain information on what goes on in school as well as other relevant information pertaining to the growth and development of the school. As part of the records types, the academic records are known as an important asset for . Table 1 summarizes the characteristics of the 20 included SRs. This overview measured overlap using the corrected covered area (CCA) [16] and did not exclude overlapping studies. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. No literature is currently available showing the number of hospitals and health care systems that provide EHR access to school nurses. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. The records you keep can provide specific details press documentation wenn you're talking with aforementioned resources your child needs to succeed in schools. c. schools are access sites for students to receive increased and improved care, which might not be adequately received elsewhere d. The primary objective of this overview was to explore the effectiveness of school-based or school-linked health services delivered by a health provider for improving the health of school-age children and adolescents. A majority of the studies (80%) were given low or critically low levels of confidence. Web Annex B. National School Health Data Set: Every Students Counts! Here are the product of records till keepand why they're important. division of school health school health record name: last, first, middle birthdate: month, day, year gender: male female father's name: last, first, middle . No SRs found eligible studies comparing vision screening with no vision screening. methodology and select findings, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex C. Systematic overview of systematic reviews of comprehensive school health services: methodology and select findings, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex D. Systematic reviews of the effectiveness and acceptability of comprehensive school health services: methodology, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex E. Systematic reviews of the effectiveness and acceptability of comprehensive school health services: evidence summaries, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex F. Systematic reviews of the effectiveness and acceptability of comprehensive school health services: GRADE evidence profiles and evidence-to-decision table, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex G. Survey of expert opinion on school health services: methodology and select findings, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex H. Menu of interventions with WHO resources, Maternal, Newborn, Child & Adolescent Health & Ageing. Nonetheless, these criteria were necessary to give the overview a reasonable scope. Quality appraisal of primary studies within included systematic reviews. A universal educational intervention on oral hygiene and caries produced weaker evidence of effectiveness [27]. Meta-analysis indicated small, yet statistically significant, reductions in body mass index (BMI), BMI z-score, and BMI percentile for both obesity treatment and prevention [26]. implementation guidance calls for the prioritization of school health programs as an important step towards universal health coverage and urges that "Every school should be a health promoting school" [ 10 ]. However, the degree of overlap across all 20 SRs was graded as being small (CCA = 1), while there was high overlap in SRs on mood disorders (CCA = 11). SRs were included in this overview if at least 50% of the studies within the SR fulfilled the following criteria: (a) participants were children (ages 59) or adolescents (ages 1019) enrolled in schools; (b) interventions were school-based or school-linked health services, involved a health provider (see definitions in S1 Appendix), and were of any duration or length of follow-up; (c) intervention effectiveness was compared to either no intervention, an alternative intervention, the same intervention in a different setting (i.e. A recent guideline from the International Agency for Prevention of Blindness (IAPB) reiterates the importance of free spectacles and goes further to suggest that low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) adopt comprehensive school eye health programs [43]. What should I do if I am participating in a program that requires one assessment and the state requires a different one?You can request help from the three organizations listed in this document. Brief exploratory review (2019). Among those approaches, pairing children with health services occupies an important place. In this overview, SRs with at least 50% of included studies fulfilling all criteria were included after extensive discussion between the authors and experts in the field. Through meta-analysis of two RCTs, the authors found that school vision screening combined with provision of free spectacles resulted in a statistically significant 60% increase in the wearing of spectacles at 38 months follow-up as compared to vision screening combined with prescription for spectacles only [21]. 1654 references were screened and 20 systematic reviews containing 270 primary studies were assessed narratively. Citations identified from the systematic search were uploaded to Covidence systematic review software [12] and duplicates were automatically deleted. However, this conclusion should be interpreted cautiously due to small effect sizes, small sample sizes, and conflicting evidence on the effectiveness of music therapy between Sullivan and Simonson [36] and Gold and colleagues [23]. Quality appraisal of primary studies. This implies that a narrower range of SRs would have been eligible if a stricter cut-off had been selected, and vice versa. Health Record to Teacher: Purpose: 1. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. This structure can help schools avoid duplication, refine purpose, and coordinate various initiatives across the whole school. About eight-in-ten U.S. murders in 2021 - 20,958 out of 26,031, or 81% - involved a firearm. In another four SRs, 75% to 99% of included studies fulfilled all the inclusion criteria [21,26,30,37]. . Can schools complete more than one school health assessment simultaneously?Yes, but this should only be done if you have state or program requirements that require multiple assessments to be completed. One reviewer (JL) assessed all SRs and a second (KK) duplicated appraisal of 10%, with 94% agreement and only minor disagreements that did not impact grades of confidence. Higgins and OSullivan assessed the FRIENDS for Life program, a manual-based cognitive behavioral anxiety prevention program comprised of ten sessions with developmentally-tailored programs for different age groups [32]. not in schools), an active control, or a waitlist control; (d) interventions aimed to improve one or more health outcomes, as defined by the SR authors; and (e) study designs were either randomized controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-experimental studies (QEs), or other non-randomized intervention studies. More than half of all suicides in 2021 - 26,328 out of 48,183, or 55% - also involved a gun, the highest percentage since 2001. CCAs can be interpreted as indicating slight, moderate, high or very high overlap with scores of 05, 610, 1115, or >15, respectively [16]. Every business we know is rapidly moving away from paper, as proven by online transactions, grocery stores, doctor's offices, gas stations, and airlines. The other SR examined behavioral interventions in the form of education on tooth brushing and the use of fluoride toothpaste in Brazil, Italy, United Kingdom, and Iran [30]. health record explaining the purpose of school health records, services offered by school health personnel, and the desirability of periodic health examinations.
