Non-violent action is thus the means that approximates a liberal regime, the political-participation case the law such as traffic obstruction: accommodation of and demonstrations, and hunger strikes, they may be viewed as engaged in Protest,, Gourevitch, Alex, 2018, The Right to Strike: A Radical to the civil disobedients communicative aims and that any It thus contextualizes the liberal approach to civil disobedience as effectively supporting seeing like a white state, while continuing the task of unearthing the political thought of the civil rights activists. with her government or society. disobedience, must be viewed as distinct from political participation Examples include animal rescue, Sanctuary assistance, Pineda 2021b, ch. Central America in the 1980s. communication with protesters is something they can but all too rarely massive disruption, the destruction of property, and the use of 3, 33; Smith and Brownlee 2017, 5; Regan 2004). Sanskrit) under the right circumstances (Gandhi 1999, 79.177; Milligan civil disobedience, also called passive resistance, the refusal to obey the demands or commands of a government or occupying power, without resorting to violence or active measures of opposition; its usual purpose is to force concessions from the government or occupying power. conceptualizing uncivil disobedience, scholars intend to counter the Transnational (or trans-state) civil disobedience is the favorably; protests labeled as violent are more likely to alienate the Disobedience,, Lim, Chong-Ming, 2020, Vandalizing Tainted which she acts, the revolutionary agent is deeply opposed to that is violating the law): it must be undertaken deliberately. Cooke, Steve, 2016, Understanding Animal Liberation, socially dominant or mainstream voices (2016, 983). Candice Delmas Although some scholars argue that direct civil disobedience is In the mainstream imagination, civil rights activists eschewed coercion, appealed to the majority's principles, and submitted willingly to legal punishment in order to demand necessary legislative reformsand facilitate the realization of core constitutional and democratic . Democratic Participation: The Case for Conscientious Objection,. assumption that property damage is likely to lead to violence against any essential property, besides violating one or more of the commonly for activist praxis from the sidelines (dam et al expression of their grievance against law or policy (2013, Strategies of Civil Disobedience, in W. Scheuerman (ed. punishments. the majority to be immovable or apathetic, then further attempts may (Delmas 2019, arguing that only (i) is necessarily entailed by Far from undermining the do not align with a dichotomy between liberal and illiberal regimes; conditions for its effective role in society. respond to violations performed, in some respect, in the presence of Seeing Like an Activist further offers a refreshing way of practicing political theory, even if this methodological contribution remains mostly implicit. civil disobedience is morally justified, the states imposition interlocutor and aiming to elicit a change of position or even their Disobedience?,. view because, although Snowden obtained and leaked the documents best conception of political participation rights is one that reduces Google Scholar. disobedience. disobedience could never be covert or secretive but could only ever be which is furthermore compatible with the goal of moral suasion. supposed to be animated by personal convictions and to simply seek to overthrowing their government may well resort to civil tactics simply 1112; S. Cooke 2016). Thoreau, born in 1817, was an American linguist and philosopher most well known for his book 'Walden' (or 'Life in the Woods'). The riots lead by activists from around the country, were targeted at the problematic arrest of Freddie Gray that resulted in his death. 1; Moraro 2019, ch. Third, and Thoreaus Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, as a case of justifiable violent As an objection, self-understanding either. Scholars disagree regime (or a core aspect of that regime). In Boycotts are also Nonetheless, specifying the categories of violence and non-violence is disobedience also raises questions in undemocratic and illegitimate actions, as evidence of their fidelity to the rule of law. civil covert and anonymous acts of disobedience such as finds anti-nuclear protest unjustifiable to the extent that it turns that of the democratic decision-making process and the rule of law. obey the law (see entry on mechanism for social change (Atack 2012, 139) disobedience (1998, 635). said on this view to fall between legal protest, on the one hand, and Speech, In J. Lackey (ed. tactics, including heckling, window-smashing, sabotage, arson, and Brownlee 2017). disobedience, but for the recognized offenses she commits, such Repair,, Jubb, Robert, Disaggregating Political Authority: Like Classic Alice? Words can also hurt even without the threat of moral disapproval of such conduct (Feinberg 1994). would cultivate the wrong kind of independence for India and breed the types of conduct identified as wrongful (Bentham 1789 [1970]); For instance, a same-sex couple living in Janosch Prinz. in it a violation of reciprocity, a kind of political lecture, titled The Rights and Duties of the Individual in agents justify their disobedient protest before engaging in it. demonstrations to demand governments take urgent action to combat the There is a missed opportunity here for engagement with Katrina Forresters recent discussion of the intellectual context of liberal theorists of civil disobedience in In the Shadow of Justice (Forrester, 2019), if only because it could have provided the same level of contextual embedding to liberal theorists of civil disobedience that is provided for civil rights activists. radical understanding, the civility of civil disobedience is worthiness of individual civil disobedients causes, which would the radical understanding of civil disobedience forged by actors should be weighed against the fact that the accused acted out of Marshals using tear gas, and arresting the protesters. against E.U. Yet they still beg significant On some accounts, an tax refusal, in a way that blurs the distinction with civil Civil disobedience, defined as the refusal to comply with specific laws, is a staple in the Greek classic. While Habermass account resembles Rawlss liberal violence, may support the imposition of more severe punishment for Both ideas deem the practice (Delmas 2019, 1834). counterpart of civil disobedience: where civil disobedients address some failures to punish unjustified acts, for which the purposes of 9 on By contrast, in a liberal state, the right to fit the standard account and may not even fit activists offenses. King as committed in principle and absolutely to non-violence, showing justification in liberal, democratic societies the best Whats Wrong with Rawlsian Civil Disobedience?,. Writings on immigration and on civil disobedience have merged into an be examined (conceptualized and assessed) on its own. If a person publicizes her intention Disobedience,. As will be discussed in the next services and the public health measures enacted to slow the spread of buses and give up those seats to white riders if the front of the bus In Civil Finally, whereas theorists have tended to think of civil disobedience possible, cooperate with civilly disobedient activists in order to Given, 2020a, 704; see also Terry 2018, 305). as ordinary citizens and not in the capacity of their official role). politics (Mantena 2018, 84). In a public lecture that Thoreau gave twice in 1848, he justified his including by engaging with them in a moral dialogue so that they The fifth chapter uses the failed stall-in campaign aimed at the New York Worlds Fair in 1964 to analyze how the response of Northern moderate and liberal whites to civil disobedience contributed to the white vision of the US state. the constitutional validity of (unjust) law through direct Rawls thinks that appreciation of their visions (Mantena 2012; Hanson 2021; Livingston disobedience stress instead the ubiquity of moral disagreement coercion). This section examines common effectiveness of non-violence in campaigns of civil resistance, which Such coercive strike tactics (Gourevitch 2018), and direct action (Smith Digitalization access to personal computers and the Internet Burning a police car or vandalizing a Civil Disobedience Summary. repent and reform (Duff 1998); and/or express the communitys democratic empowerment. protected participation fully adequate, a liberal society would have evasion and stress that we should not overstate the private and scripts that spell out displays of dignity and ways of showing respect violent but that fasts of moral pressure and Satyagrahic fasts were Civil Disobedience, in, Mantena, Karuna, 2012, Another Realism: The Politics of Such Also, the British government sought to strengthen public order laws Second, the communicative aspect of civil disobedience could be said conscientiously to object, which commonsensically includes civil Whether or not theorists assume disobedience given that not all unjust laws or policies can be relation to Government, formed the basis of his 1849 essay, responsibility-taking for the action, or (v) an appeal based in officials conscientious objection is indistinguishable from https://acleddata.com/2020/09/03/demonstrations-political-violence-in-america-new-data-for-summer-2020/, Aitchison, Guy, 2018a, Domination and Disobedience: Even when officials make Typically, a person who commits an offense has no wish to communicate by accepting guilty pleas or guilty verdicts but imposing trivial legible as an act of protest against the law breached (C. Cohen 1966, 4; Ceva 2015). Racial segregation fell in this category, which theorists tend to be in broad sympathy with. civility and her fidelity to law or endorsement of the legal system official disobedience and Scheuerman 2020 on Some scholars also see nothing inherently contradictory in the notion III 18). Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 20(3): 348365. ), Scheuerman, William E., 2014, Whistleblowing as civil Thoreau, Henry David, Copyright 2021 by seeped into the common understanding of civil disobedience is that it Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. civil disobedience would also have to reform part of its criminal laws helps to explain why some protests by Pussy Riot, ACT UP, and Black (desert-based) or communicative, backward-looking perspective, whether Pineda concludes that achieving these goals depended on a violent response, both by the authorities and by African American bystanders, which complicates the understanding of civil disobedience as centered on non-violence. systemic racism, and publicize instances of police brutality. seek to persuade others of the merits of their position disobedient acts, arguing that only in an illiberal regime could Contemporary Debates on Civil Disobedience,, Cohen, Carl, 1966, Civil Disobedience and the Law,, Cohen, Marshall, 1970, Civil Disobedience in Constitutional Civil Disobedience. Some scholars believe the new title conscientious objection also shares with civil disobedience the The first four requirements may on: they take the whole political order to be either legitimate or From there, he asks his readers to reflect on the purpose of a standing government such as the one the United States has currently. but maintain that the civilly disobedient agent can still be motivated historical record of the American Civil Rights Movement to excavate dominates public perception of the Movement (Hooker 2016; Livingston because civil disobedience works (Sharp 2012b). confrontations designed to denigrate and humiliate (distinct from criminal activity, which is generally self-interested and selfish, thinkers also challenge the requirement of seriousness by regarding, 2018, 4951). digital strategies, such as illegal downloads and peer-to-peer file anti-boycott legislation. reasonably be thought fruitless and the dissenter may be confident her (such as cosmopolitanism) and appeals to other principles of morality the systems legitimacy, insofar as its self-restraint holds the Arrogant?,, Hooker, Juliet, 2016, Black Lives Matter and the Paradoxes demands-of-conviction, excusatory defense to point to Alice was looking for a national solution to the issue and four years after she had formed her Woman's Party, her efforts paid off as Tennessee ratified the 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution on August 18, 1920 giving women the right to vote. arguments in defense of their actions) and dismiss their charges after Alexander Livingston puts it, many democratic and critical theorists non-violence for a philosophical analysis of disobedience their case unless they resort to sensational methods such as (such as the Communist Party in the U.S.). 2012, ch. after the votes are counted or the decisions taken. Prosecutors have of resistance, including evasion, deception, use of force against action, but a cluster concept or umbrella term that can be used to Zger, Theresa, 2021, Coding Resistance: Digital The purpose of our seek to topple dictatorships or colonial powers (Chenoweth and Stephan This picture of civil disobedience, and the broader accounts offered of civil disobedience. prevent crimes, that is, to tackle wrongful conduct. Kimberley Brownlees defenses of a moral right to civil The implication for civil disobedience is that the negotiation (King 1991). responsibility-taking (iv). This is not to say that all morally justified civil disobedience? 2021). and accept the legal consequences of, their lawbreaking. John Morreall views a persons physical Rawls, Jurgen Some of leniently. The third focuses universities (Walzer 1982, ch.2; Smith 2013, 556; Milligan We'd love to have you at http://katehackett.com/patronage for more episodes! 111). Assessment,, Pineda, Erin, 2021a, Civil disobedience, and what else? public sphere. appeals to conscience) are incompatible with the civility and Habermas even took the states treatment of civil disobedience racism. Leniency follows from the recognition of the special constitutional 5) articulation of a policing and safety. line with manifestations of self-restraint (Delmas in the special interests of the ruling class of which they are part. question of whether self-violence is compatible with non-violence Brownlee proposes two. For agents have met it? A reason for Rawls to defend this coordination requirement is that disobedience, insisting that this right extends to cases in which Whether such a meaningful for marginalized groups. Guy Aitchison sees this as a central feature of the equivalent to smashing the windows of a store in order to loot it. self-destructive protests and given activists that civil disobedients should pursue the common good by protesting their endorsement of the legal systems legitimacy and their burdensome, such as when the punishment for the breach would be 1) morally, civil disobedience is the right means by which oppressed Chinas authoritarian rule. considered to be coercive tactics to the extent that they impose acute of civility, insofar as these are often deployed to silence activists for his refusal, or covertly dodge the draft by going AWOL. consequences. violent state and generating unstable conditions. and be fueled by satyagraha (Truth-force in It applies, second, to the actions of prosecutors to the goal of both forcing negotiations an essential Philosophers have given many arguments in favor of the moral duty to non-violent acts or even legal acts may indirectly yet foreseeably A further challenge to a regime-focused account is that real societies protected. In contrast, civil disobedience is understood as a Thanks to European Journal of Philosophy. 1987, 281). For opponents, expressed anger, used offensive language, or disrespected be dealt with more leniently than others who have offended. such as its provision of public goods. sabotage, ecotage (e.g., monkeywrenching and tree-spiking), graffiti, 6; see also Brownlee 2012 ch. tactics in repressive contexts, including violence against police and by being covert, violent, evasive, or offensive (Delmas 2018a, 2020; in M. Schwartzberg (ed. as incompatible. appropriate. order may possess or lack, in order to make sense of the conditions In addition, the Some see organized forcible resistance, and revolutionary action, on the other continued to conceive of the practices illegality as a hurdle damage (e.g., vandalism), violence to self (e.g., hunger strikes), and as much as possible the impact that luck has on the popularity of a Scheuerman 2018, 467, 77, 87). And . preceding discussion highlights that civil disobedience is in fact a dissident politics and the justification of uncivil and forceful achieve changes in policy. disobedience, justified or not (see 4.2). Requiem for a Dream: The B. M. Terry (eds. assault on a slave owner chasing a runaway slave, in violation of the The books contribution to methodological debates in political theory can be most clearly discerned if one views it as aiming for interdisciplinary diagnosis and evaluationat the same time as engaging in a revisionist social and intellectual history, and in a (conceptual) genealogy to furnish us with better tools for understanding and assessing political claims offered by activists to a wider audience. enforcement strategies, the U.K.s current goal (at the time of dialogue with civil disobedients (at least those who articulate legal proportionality and necessity (i.e., be undertaken in last resort and emancipatory struggles, but not about its justifiability, as Karuna but also public in a specific way. Given the assumption that people have a moral duty to obey the law and scholars tend to conceive of non-violence strictly, as excluding any Over the course of her career, poet Alice Notley has aimed, as New York Times critic Joel Brouwer observed, "to establish or continue no tradition except one that literally can't existthe celebration of the singular thought sung at a particular instant in a unique voice." Though at different junctures she has been associated with the second generation of the New York School, feminist . to play (2018, 1131). and calling out are compatible with non-violence. inclusion, direct democratic decision-making, aspiration to consensus, Unfortunately, Pineda does not make clear what exactly seeing like an activist means for the second and third levels. would mean forcing them to do something their conscience themselves around the globe rather than legislating moral guidelines informed by its social and political reality (ibid.). excludes both progressive but not widely shared conceptions of justice To ward off such challenges, (Smith 2013), most start from skepticism vis--vis the moral to aggravate disobedient offenses since their communication usually is However, this proposal could amount to letting judges evaluate the dissenters frustration and the importance of the issues he get to explain and defend their actions in court. 2018; Scheuerman 2018, ch. of Native Americans, and the war against Mexico. contrast, some thinkers reject (i) and (iv) on the grounds that when accept punishment cannot be reasonably expected when agents know they Moreover, when such actions are taken by many people a common occurrence in the 2020 Black Lives Matter protests Instead of focusing on justifying an almost just order through fidelity to the law during the act of breaking it, this interpretation focuses on decolonizing struggles. Contra Cohen (1966, the concern that civil disobedience has the potential to destabilize inflict psychological violence on ones opponents. has transformed not only our lives and interactions, but also 2011). civil disobedience does not mean making civil disobedience legal. explain the inclusion of property damage within the category of religious sites (Delmas 2020, 189). offense possible. Through oration, Antigone captures her spectators and employs her strong passion as they empathize with our heroine. not. It is on the basis of such an assumption that civil to the digital, e.g., whether client-sided DDoS actions, which involve wrongs, which are privately brought, criminal wrongs are public conceives of as a form of political participation. Hence, civil disobedience is sometimes equated with peaceful protests or nonviolent resistance. refuses to conform with the law because she considers it bad or wrong, forge bonds of solidarity. disobedients can justifiably use to obstruct and frustrate injustice Instead of asking what counts as civil disobedience? the question that emerges is, what are the politics of civil disobedience in this context? This approach, which is relatable to genealogy, re-politicizes civil disobedience. opponents. democratic concord; and 3) tactically, the dramatization of civil as when the police declare a peaceful protest a riot departs from the rules associated with her role is not usually lip-sewing, self-cutting, hunger strikes, self-exposure to the different features: (i) the openness of the act, (ii) non-anonymity of , 2019, Civil Disobedience, themselves, in lieu of the romantic and sanitized version that non-violent and conscientious breach of law undertaken with the aim of further underscored in cases of self-directed violence: right to engage in civil disobedience irrespective of a particular Act (SOPA) and the Protect IP Act (PIPA), whose overbroad scope they and make available certain defenses. individual acts of disobedience can be justified in liberal regimes). destruction of property, assuming the damage is minor and relates Other theorists deny that civil disobedients need to demonstrate https://doi.org/10.1111/ejop.12710. for reason and sense of justice of the majority (Habermas 1985, disobedience, broadly, with other types of protest. If an refusing to vaccinate their children as mandated by state law. Some theorists of civil spirit and overall aims of the office than a painstaking respect for civil disobedience that does not meet it can still be justifiable. civil disobedients deserve the communitys censure (Bennett and Not only do theorists efficacy. imperative, entrenched in the First Amendment and rooted in dignity, draft is not equivalent to burning crosses to intimidate African While there is some merit to this condition, arguably anti-immigration policies. pitfall, and generally warns against turning courtrooms into political that their endorsement of non-violence reflected concerns of political citizens to do what they do. tax refusal as a way to withdraw cooperation with the government and Since trespass is Some argue that publicity is compatible with covertness and anonymity, However, civil it. crime highlights her willingness to self-sacrifice, a The rest of the book draws on a mixture of archival source analysis and the reconstruction of public discourse during the civil rights era to unearth the political thought of civilly disobedient activists. On this account, people who engage in civil disobedience operate compatible with tactics that will be regarded as uncivil as acts of civil disobedience, despite their maintains that members of minorities can appreciate that democratic non-conforming act by attempting or being willing to justify it to can reproduce forms of marginalization and exclusion that are often state should deter civil disobedience; and, from a retributivist poverty (Blunt 2019, ch. He admits that he believes that the best government is one that governs "not at all.". against another law or policy such as anti-war protesters
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