Individual animals should be identified in a consistent and recordable manner (e.g., tags, cage cards, microchips, tattoos). Reproductive data from males.Significant positive correlations were found for fecal androgen levels, both in the presence and absence of a female. When a breeding pair has been introduced it is important to check the female for cycling on a regular basis. Ferret bags, hammocks, buckets, and other small nocturnal sleeping spots are offered and removed to be washed on a weekly basis. Fecal condition scores can provide insight into how a diet is being digested (otherwise utilized) by an animal (color is helpful, as well). NEZS Chester Zoo, Kate Edge and Francesca Ankers.Published 2018, AZA Tapir Taxon Advisory GroupPublished 2013, Manual Para Cuidado De Tapires(Spanish language version of ACM), EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for Pygmy Hippopotamus, F. von Houwald, C. Wenker, G. Flacke, B. Steck, R. Osterballe, R. Viduna, and A. Matthews.Published 2020, Compiled by Paul Vercammen & Kim HabetsBreeding Centre for Endangered Arabian Wildlife Sharjah, UAE Published 2006, Lara Metrione and Adam EyresPublished 2014, EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for Greater One-horned Rhinoceros, EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for the White Rhinoceros, EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for Black Rhinoceros, Dr. Mark Pilgrim and Rebecca BiddlePublished 2020, Antelope, Cattle, Giraffid, and Camelid TAG, Giraffe Training Workshop - June 4-7, 2023, Giraffe Private Owner Workshop - Oct 1-4, 2023. Appropriate training for personnel should be provided. In captivity, this species is most often housed with related female pairs, breeding pairs or dams and their offspring. 1). Life stages are defined by both age and breed characteristics for practical purposes. 1998 and island gray fox [Urocyon littoralisAsa et al. In a 2-year study of the bush dog (Speothos venaticus), a small canid from Central and South America, we examined the reproductive physiology of mature females and the effect of male presence on the incidence and timing of ovulation. For the 17 completed estrous cycles, the duration of sustained fecal progestin elevation varied significantly (t = 2.33, d.f. Remove or separate the sire (this may mean shifting the sire to an adjacent cage or moving him out to a different area entirely). WebWe would like to show you a description here but the site wont allow us. Animals that produce levels of noise having the potential to cause stress should be housed separately. When possible, relatively nontoxic compounds (e.g., boric acid) or drying substances (e.g., amorphous silica gel) should be used to control insects. For males, there was a strong positive effect of female presence on fecal androgens (P = 0.0011). ("Southern lesser bush baby, South African galago Galago moholi", 2009;Pullen, 2004;"Southern lesser bush baby, South African galago Galago moholi", 2009;de Magalhaes, et al., 2009;Pullen, 2004;"Southern lesser bush baby, South African galago Galago moholi", 2009;de Magalhaes, et al., 2009;Pullen, 2004) Females nurse their offspring for about 11 weeks though young may begin to catch insects at 4 weeks of age. With the female in hand, usually during the white light phase of their day, you will notice if the vulva is open or closed. First, we hypothesized that mature female bush dogs have aseasonal reproductive cycles separated by periods of anestms and that the occurrence of cycles requires the physical presence of a male, defined as direct, un-obstructed physical access (i.e., direct tactile, olfactory, visual. They are one of the smallest primates and have a soft, yet thick, coat of greyish brown fur. Waste cans should be leak-proof and have tight-fitting lids. Additional data are needed to evaluate seasonality in the male. We also utilize different enrichment techniques and tools to encourage natural feeding behaviors. WebEAZA Hornbill Management and Husbandry Guidelines Contents Foreword 1) Natural history 2) Captive population management 2.1 Identification 2.2 Morphology and sex determination 2.3 Maturation and longevity 2.4 European hornbill collection plan taxa 3) Veterinary care, handling and transport Significant differences in the duration that fecal progestins remained at or near baseline were determined in each of the comparisons among these 3 male categories: male present versus absent (t = 3.000, d.f = 9, P < 0.01), male present compared to introduction of male (t = 5.158, df = 8, P < 0.01), and male absent versus introduction of male (t = 3.713, d.f. Fl was maintained on a daily diet of IAMS Beef and Rice and IAMS Lamb and Rice canned food (The IAMS Company, Dayton, Ohio) because of skin problems suspected to be related to diet. Housing and husbandry.Animals were housed indoors, with temperatures maintained between 15.6C and 29.4C (X = 25.4C, n = 135,541 total measurements with temperature recorded every 10 min for the 27 study months) and exposed to natural light from skylights and windows. During baby watch, check baby cage in the AM when white lights are on. MATERIALS 3.1. and does constitute the use of land for agriculture within the meaning of R.C. Fecal sample collection.Daily fecal samples were collected from each female from 1 March 2001 through the respective end dates (Table 2). Please move carefully into and out of the room. WebHusbandry Regulated procedures Housing Small, stable groups should be formed. 2004). These extended periods of baseline fecal progestins are consistent with what would be considered anestrous periods. 1992; Tate 1931) have occurred during the day and night, in both open grasslands and dense forest (Barnett et al. Aye-aye Pod: The Official Podcast of the DLC, Overview: Madagascar Conservation Programs. The DLC has had success housing the G.Moholi in a mixed species setting with Aye Aye, Slow Loris, Pygmy Slow Loris, Slender Loris, Pottos, Fat-Tailed Dwarf Lemurs and Mirza. A Mount was not scored when a female's submissive roll resulted in the male only straddling or rubbing against her. This is in contrast to males of species in which females have restricted breeding seasons and male reproductive parameters vary seasonally, with testosterone and sperm production declining or ceasing outside of the reproductive season (Asa and Valdespino 1998). NoiseActivities that create noise with the potential to cause stress should be minimized and conducted away from animal housing. The first section is an index of Mammal Taxonomic Orders. This effect appeared to begin with the introduction of a male to a mature, cycling female. Confirmed Copulatory Locks (n = 4 estrous cycles) occurred on average twice per day for a period of receptivity that averaged 4 days. A sampling frequency of 2 times per week was adequate for detecting pattems in male fecal androgen levels (Fig. hb```f``e`d`Z @f A =-%Q 2'`Hp`h`@H10{0d`t{W?.Di]@,0g0 e Leaps can cover significant distances, up to and sometimes greater than 2.5 m (8.2 ft) (Charles-Dominique 1977a; Butynski & de Jong 2004). Water in birth cages should be provided in a small, shallow water bowl on a shelf above the nest box with just enough water to cover the bottom but not enough for infants to drown. In addition, data from only 3 of the 4 pairs during the 2nd phase were included in the analysis; Fl and Ml were excluded because of insufficient data due to death of Fl. 2004), artificial lighting was not needed to extend the natural day length at any time during the study. Asa 1996, 1998; Asa and Valdespino 1998; Concannon 1986; Hayssen et al. 2004), and bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis; approximately 9N-11S and 15S-35S; equatorial-tropical-subtropicalSillero-Zubiri et al. Life span: 2-4 years in the wild, mid-teens in captivity Males and females are listed according to the 27 March 2002 pairings. Bode, Z. Tang-Martinez, and T. Valone. They may give birth to 2 sets of twins a year. Branch the cage simply and include two nest sites, both at eye level height. Furthermore, the behavioural changes of the adult animals during the breeding season must also be borne in mind which may easily lead to fatal injuries. RESPONSIBILITY Animal care staff, veterinary care staff, facility supervisors, Facilities Manager. The following are general guidelines for the proper care and humane treatment of animals in nonagricultural facilities, such as humane societies, municipal animal control agencies, pet stores, boarding kennels, dog training establishments, grooming facilities, dealers, and veterinary hospitals and clinics. They are vertical clingers and leapers. A summary of the dates of sightings of infants, juveniles, and subadults permitted estimates of age and date of birth, thus providing information on bush dog seasonality in the wild. The 3rd estrous cycle with neither confirmed nor possible Copulatory Locks (F4) had the highest number of Mounts (n = 459) in a single estrous cycle. Rooms should be washed the approximately 2 weeks before baby watch starts and then remain undisturbed for two weeks. When climatic conditions pose a threat to the animals health or well-being, taking into consideration its age, breed, overall health status, and acclimation, then appropriate measures must be taken to alleviate the impact of those conditions. 1979; Hayssen et al. 2002. Waste storage areas should be separate from animal housing areas and be kept free of vermin. Extraction and assay of fecal hormones.Fecal steroids were made soluble in a modified phosphate-buffered saline containing 50% methanol, 0.1% bovine serum albumin, and 5% Tween 20 (polyoxy-ethylene sorbitan monolaurate, a surfactantBauman and Hardin 1998; DeMatteo 2004; Shindeler et al. Webwhere is the cullinan diamond support@missionbadlaav.com; clara schumann: piano trio in g minor program notes Menu. ASV Guidelines for Standards of Care in Animal Shelters, 2023 American Veterinary Medical Association All rights reserved, Donate to American Veterinary Medical Foundation (AVMF), AVMA Congressional Advocacy Network (CAN). 1998; Strahl et al. 2003]; Table 1), it has not been confirmed to date. The intra-assay coefficient of variation was 6.5%, and the interassay coefficients of variation for 4 separate internal controls were 6.4%, 7.2%, 6.7%, and 5.9%. 1992). Biological wastes must be stored appropriately prior to disposal. The female will carry the offspring to a safer location if she senses threat. Housing or cagingCaging or housing systems should provide adequate space and accommodate appropriate population densities, allow animals sufficient freedom of movement, permit normal postural adjustments, and include a resting place appropriate for the species being housed. Previous behavioral studies with bush dogs have reported that during the period of female receptivity, Copulatory Locks (mean duration =15 min, range = 476 min) occurred 13 times per day over a period of 112 days (Drwa 1983; Kitchener 1971; Kleiman 1968; Porton et al. Porton et al. Web1 Introduction 1.1 This Code is intended as a guide for all people responsible for the welfare and husbandry of emus that are bred and/or reared in captivity. Females often give birth to a single offspring at their first pregnancy, then produce twins in subsequent litters. 1987). Catling P. C Corbett L. K. Newsome A. E.. DeMatteo K. E. Silber S. Porton I. J. Lenahan K. Junge R. Asa C. S.. Frame L. H. Malcolm J. R. Frame G. W. Van Lawick H.. Hayssen V. Van Tienhoven A. Procedures must be established for providing animal care during emergencies. 1987). The Moholi bushbaby is native to the mesic woodlands of the Southern Afrotropics. If the infant is in danger or left alone too long it will emit distress calls which quickly summon the mother. Student's t-test (Microsoft Corporation 2003) tested significance for differences in duration of sustained elevation, interestrous interval, and baseline duration with and without a male present. They primarily move through their environment by quadrupedal movement (19.8%), leaping (54.1 %), hopping (2.9%) and climbing (16.8%) (Crompton 1983). We thank the Saint Louis Zoo staff, including the primate keepers, research intems, veterinarians, veterinary technicians, and A. Musson, K. Niebmegge, C. Dawson, J. Bauman, and K. Bauman for their time, effort, and interest in the project. The Galago Moholi are currently housed with related females, breeding pairs or dam and offspring. LightingLighting may be both natural and/or artificial, and should be uniformly distributed throughout animal facilities, of sufficient intensity to permit good observation of animals, provide a photoperiod control appropriate to the species, and contribute to a safe working environment for personnel. A water pool down to hVo0W=N8Rm&j:CF=ZN 2YJ#DpBX|G!QAAGXC$|" .i@$#\{W/:6@_Pr7z"7Eo+G8RiYcm8wUxToB(fk+NnmG\DTxNKS]j'pI,*Ix\>CQ0aJ'*^?4>[mE$Y:YYlJmK(WIfY.bp|i2`^ L.-4Htm7N*:_)}*'iYeRx@|Kj 3+jdrR %O(ZC-xozFQ s5RJE;Nix70(r}F`O^o@n;B The interestrous intervals ongoing at the time of male introduction (X = 112 days, SD = 7.2 days, n = 4) had a significantly shorter duration compared to intervals when the male was present (t = 3.756, d.f = 8, P < 0.01) or when it was absent (t = 3.158, df = 7, P < 0.01). The Veterinary Leadership Conference draws veterinarians from across the U.S. for education sessions that help develop leaders for the veterinary profession. Do this with nail trims, brushing, holding out a leg for a blood draw or, taking your dogs temperature. ` = For this species, scattering food in many different places and heights around the enclosure is key to ensuring all group members have access to food and are able to hunt and capture prey; simulating natural feeding behaviors. Two nest boxes are provided, including nest material (paper towel strips, paper strips, fleece squares, bamboo, mimosa or pine boughs). We thank R. Dmoch (Intemational Studbook Keeper and European Endangered Species Programme Coordinator for bush dogs), S. Silber and K. Lenahan from the Infertility Center of St. Louis, T. Bettinger, G. Camilo, W. Jchle, the World Conservation Union Canid Specialist Group, and the respondents to the Speothos venaticus Distribution and Status Questionnaire for their critical assistance and advice on many aspects of the project. However, in more open areas it seems that a Bush dog will hunt alone for small rodents. Hunting in packs, they are able to kill prey much bigger than themselves, including capybara. This species produces a wide range of contact calls, perhaps because communication by visual means is not easy in the forest. Although it cannot be determined conclusively whether either of these medical conditions affected reproduction, the fact that both of these cycles had fecal progestin levels indicative of ovulation suggest that the females were not affected until their conditions were well advanced. The moving average (period = mean of 3 samples) for mean fecal estrogen and fecal progestin levels, and the 3-times-weekly vulva index for female 4. Low scores (unformed, loose, diarrhea, etc) may indicate digestive upset, malabsorption, and/or possible hydration issues. Larger males procure more successful matings. Training Guide, National Animal Control Association, PO Box 480851, Kansas City, Missouri 64148. Significance for each correlation was evaluated with the Mantel r-value. An index of vulva size was generated by multiplying mean vulva width by mean vulva depth for each day. Dijferences dependent on male or female presence.The overall statistical design of the study was a 1-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with presence of the male or female as the main treatment (Underwood 1997). Remember, teaching your dog these simple handling skills is setting her up to win for future vet exams. Data are reported on presence of an obligate pseudopregnancy (i.e., the duration of the progesterone elevation is similar in fertile and infertile cycles, indicating that life spans of the corpora lutea are equal), which species have been reported to have the typical canid reproductive cycle defined by a true anestrus (i.e., period in which the ovaries are quiescent between each breeding cycle) separating the end of the luteal-lactation phase in one estrous cycle from the start of the subsequent estrous cycle, number of estrous cycles per year, presence or absence of a seasonal pattern, and whether there is any male influence on reproductive cycle. 1987). It is during the white light phase that we do our cleaning. Bush dogs are carnivores and they prey mostly on large rodents including acouchis, pacas and agoutis, and also sometimes upon larger animals, such as rheas and capybaras. Bush dogs are monogamous and live in extended family groups. The offspring are produced by one alpha female. These animals mate throughout the year. Videotapes were reviewed for the occurrence and duration of 2 defined behaviors. A Copulatory Lock was defined by the inability of the male and female to separate despite attempts to move away (Drwa 1982,1983; Kleiman 1972). Guidelines are offered to guide the veterinary practitioner in designing a comprehensive, individualized wellness plan for each stage of a dog's life. WebThe AZA Husbandry guidelines for babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa) Species Survival Plan, which were compiled in 2003 using information from babirusa holders and researchers from across Europe and America, have formed the backbone of Webbush baby, (family Galagidae), also spelled bushbaby, also called galago, any of more than 20 species of small attractive arboreal primates native to sub-Saharan Africa. Study design.The study was divided into 2 phases. Flooring material should not flex under weight, should accommodate footing and resting off of open metal floors, and may have perforations large enough to allow only moisture to pass through. Fecal hormones, vulvar measurements, and mating behavior were used to characterize reproductive cycle dynamics. These differences in interestrous intervals show that maturational processes may result in substantive changes in the reproductive cycle of the adult as compared to peripubertal female. Males did not show a seasonal pattern in testosterone production. Present address of KED: University of MissouriSt. PURPOSE This Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) describes routine husbandry procedures for dogs. Bush babies are also characterized by the long upper portion of The DLC has had success housing the G.Moholi in a mixed species setting with Aye Aye, Slow Loris, Pygmy Slow Loris, Slender Loris, Pottos, Fat-Tailed Dwarf Lemurs and Mirza. The bush dog is able to prey on animals larger than itself because it hunts in packs and has a specialised craniodental anatomy, such as a very deep and short Brand and Cullen 1976; Frame et al. However, the duration of male interest as measured by Mounts where the pair can clearly separate was longer in this study, with male interest ending 13 days after the last Copulatory Lock, compared with previous behavioral studies that determined the duration of male interest to be between 8 and 23 days (Drwa 1983; Kitchener 1971; Kleiman 1968). A program of preventive and emergency medicine must be established by and supervised by a veterinarian. 2002). 2001; available at http://www.bio.umontreal.ca/Casgrain/R/index.html) determined if male presence caused a directional shift in the mean time interval and number of peaks in any of the 3 female variables (Fortin and Gurevitch 2001; Legendre and Legendre 1998; Rossi 1996); that is, whether male presence caused a decrease in time, that is, months, between significant changes and an increase in frequency of significant changes in fecal estrogens, fecal progestins, or vulva index (DeMatteo 2004). Bush dogs live within a social group of as many as 12 members. When hunting, usually at least two individuals are seen together, typically when hunting for large rodents. However, in more open areas it seems that a Bush dog will hunt alone for small rodents. Brady and Ditton 1979; Brand and Cullen 1976; Dietz 1984; Ewer 1973; Frame et al. Chris Pfefferkorn Published March 2002 . The duration that fecal progestins remained at or near baseline, that is, time between final decrease and next increase in fecal progestin levels associated with a new estrous cycle, varied depending on whether a male was present (X = 61.7 days, SD = 7 days, n = 6) or absent (X = 119 days, SD = 42 days, n = 5) or if only those levels associated with the introduction of the male were considered (X = 39.3 days, SD = 6.3 days, n = 4). This flexibility has been seen in few other canids (Table 1), but all are more tropical in distribution, including the fennec fox (Vulpes zerda; approximately 14N34N; tropical-subtropicalSillero-Zubiri et al. In all 4 females, the duration of the ongoing interestrous interval at the time of mate introduction was shorter than those without a male or than when a male was present before the 1st progestin increase. Example two: Practice temperature taking by simply touching the tail and treating, several times. African hunting dogs tolerate scavengers at their kills, except for spotted hyenas. Baby watch should begin approximately one week before the estimated due date. Animals.The 8 adult bush dogs (4 females and 4 males; Table 2 Dmoch 2004), used in this study were born in captivity and housed socially, that is, housed with parents or littermates or both, in European zoos before arrival at the Saint Louis Zoo, St. Louis, Missouri (3845N, 9015W). Weight:142-250 grams (male & female). Animals should be euthanatized when necessary only by qualified personnel, in accordance with recommendations in the current AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals, and as permitted by law. Increase the dam's diet by 50% on the day infants are discovered (or suspected). During the 2nd phase of the study, 27 March 2002 to the respective end dates, males and females were housed in pairs (Table 2). 1987). Webbush stone-curlew husbandry manual. The bush dog's ability to raise young successfully throughout the year could be linked to its high sociality and cooperative hunting. The strength of this small-bodied canid and cooperative hunting allow it not only to capture a variety of small prey (e.g., a variety of snakes, Azara's agoutis [Dasyprocta azarae], and nine-banded armadillos [Dasypus novemcinctus]Beccaceci 1994; Peres 1991), but also prey many times their body size (e.g., brockets [Mazama], capy-baras [Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris], pacas (Agouti paca), and South American tapirs [Tapirus terrestris]Beccaceci 1994; Deutsch 1983; Peres 1991; Strahl et al. In general, bushbabies are small, woolly, long-tailed primates with mobile, oversized naked ears (Kingdon 2004). Federation of Animal Science Societies, 1111 N Dunlap Avenue, Savoy, Illinois 61874. WebLesser Bush Baby Husbandry Guidelines Follow Us Introductory Text If youd like to add an intro, add your text here. Significance in the main effect with 4 measured variables (3 for females and 1 for males) was used to interpret the effect of male or female presence for the nonparametric Mantel univariate correlations. The arrow indicates 27 March 2002, the date of male-female introductions. 2002; Velloso et al. Waste disposalWaste must be removed regularly and frequently, and in compliance with all federal, state, and local laws and regulations. Read the latest news about the AVMA and the veterinary profession, and search archives dating back to 2000. 15.21), the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) (Fig.
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