A producers risk aversion and expectations of future payoffs from new crop alternatives will also impact adoption [10]. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SAS JMP12 and Tukeys Honest Significant Difference (HSD) was used to test in crop yield response to irrigation and fertility treatments. Leave a stem length of 10 cm from the ground at harvesting. - 91.234.33.200. Generally, alluvial and loamy soil seems better to grow this green fodder but sometimes it gets affected if certain fertilizers do not use with the soil. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12320, USDA-NASS. The results of the relative profitability of traditional cropping systems in irrigated and non-irrigated production environments parallel a Southeastern cropping system study focused on net returns of individual crops in irrigated and non-irrigated cropping system. Applications of expert systems in peanut production. The remaining 50 percent of the nitrogen should be applied on the 30th day of planting. HF cow milk production is very high in comparison of desi Indian cows. A high yielding Napier grass race in Asia. Now, place the splits of the root in the holes of planting and cover the soil. Five energy cane varieties were examined over varying crop length cycles in Louisiana showed variable costs ranges of $63 to $76Mg1 and fixed costs from $105 to $127Mg1 for dry matter biomass [4]. It is a myth that most green plants can't grow or survive in desert regions but it is not applied on Napier grass to a limit. 8 harvests per annum. Res. No yield differences resulted at the 100% irrigation level between 84 and 168kgha1N rate or comparing the 168 and 336kgha1N rates. super Napier yield in the natural irrigation is better. Lint was sent to the USDA cotton classing office (Macon, GA) for official grading. However, estimates of napier grass yields and cost of production coupled with complete return analysis for peanut, corn, and cotton allow estimation of the price required for napier grass to equal profitability to other crops and the peanut, cotton, corn cropping system. If the cross commodity breakeven price for peanuts (for example) is below the price received for peanuts, then napier grass (the comparison crop) provides higher net returns than peanuts. Peanut Sci 33:8592, USDA-ARS, National Peanut Research Laboratory, 1011 Forrester Dr., SE, Dawson, GA, 39842, USA, USDA-ARS, Crop Genetics and Breeding Research Unit, 115 Coastal Way, Tifton, GA, 31794, USA, USDA-ARS, Southeast Watershed Research Laboratory, 2316 Rainwater Road, Tifton, GA, 31794, USA, Timothy C. Strickland,Alisa W. Coffin&Oliva Pisani, You can also search for this author in Next irrigations apply after few days of the weeding process. Inclusive of annual establishment, biomass cultivation, harvest costs, and total variable cost of production was found to be approximately $1215ha1 with fixed and overhead costs of $346 and $74ha1, respectively [4]. 2016. It produce large number of tillers. Cinc. When viewed within irrigation levels, the partial net returns to N did not vary within any of the irrigation rates, but the returns were numerically higher at the 168 and 336kgha1 than the lower rate suggesting the higher rates will provide yield stability and provide marginally higher returns to N application at these rates. After 30 days we have to take the weeds. Agric Water Manag 96:10781084, Mooney DF, Roberts RK, English BC, Tyler DD, Larson JA (2009) Yield and breakeven price of Alamo switchgrass for biofuels in Tennessee. It should be in such a way that the seedbed should be very good for the plantation. BIHAR THUNDERSTORM | SAFETY MEASURES FOR FARMERS. Salassi et al. Irrigated yield were comparable to reported dry biomass yields of 16.4Mgha1 across five energy cane varieties with yield converted to a total farm area basis in Louisiana [4]. The longest leaf length. A producer should not consider a crop if the price received is not sufficient to cover variable cost because out of pocket expenses are not covered (Table 1). In current reports, chicken is 22% part of total meat globally. Napier grass did not compete economically against traditional irrigated cropping systems. Although the yield difference comparing the 100% and the 50% irrigation rate was much less at 8% (2281kgha1), significant differences resulted. Following are required steps and stuff for the cultivation of Super Napier grass-. Make sure that you are applying at least 10 to 12 tonnes of farmyard manure in each and every hole. Butts, E.J. Economic analysis of napier grass production in riparian buffer zones and non-cropped areas will be addressed in the future. Conventional tillage practices were followed for peanut, corn, and cotton. In H.E. Grazing should not be done directly to the animals. Links will be auto-linked. Mooney et al. Higher than normal rain events during the summer and fall of 2013 caused major lodging and resulted in a less efficient harvest. Jersey cow eyes color is black but, Once there was a time when local desi Indian cow breeds produced a high milk yield. et al. With the grass yielding about 600 bales per acre in one season and you can harvest 4 times in an year.The 2400 bales of Brachiaria grass can generate about 720000 .A bale of Brachiaria grass is more expensive than boma Rhodes and sells at 400.Brachial gives 20 tonnes of green fodder per acre. Let's understand the performance and all the important points of HF cow and its milk. In India, Napier grass seeds per kg are about Rs . Read More BIHAR THUNDERSTORM | SAFETY MEASURES FOR FARMERSContinue, Read More Soybean Crop and CultivationContinue, Read More How To Control LEAF CURL VIRUS In Chilli?Continue, Read More Organic Farming : Myths and Facts Read or Miss OutContinue, Read More Farming System: Definition And Types Of Farming SystemContinue, Read More Insight On Cultivation Of Rice: From Sowing To HarvestingContinue, Your email address will not be published. . Understanding the costs and the potential economic returns to bioenergy alternatives are prerequisite components to adoption. Analysis of variance showed that irrigation level had a significant effect on partial net returns (P=0.0498). It can produce several crops per year and local experts estimate that an area smaller than a fifth of New York's Central Park, or about 150 acres, could yield 1 megawatt in grass power. Napier grass was produced in non-irrigated and irrigated environments with 3 irrigation rates (0, 1.1, and 2. cm irrigation week1). The breakeven prices in the non-irrigated, 50% irrigated, and 100% irrigated regimes are provided in Table 5. It can also be grown in combination with fodder trees along with the boundaries of the field or contour lines to help to prevent the soil erosion. Yield. Super Napier Grass Farming | Fodder Grass Cultivation - YouTube The distance between the rows of the pits should be 60 centimetres. Weeding can be done just before 20 days of your next crops. Plots consisted of 18 rows established on 0.91M spacing with a plot length of 18m long with a 3m border/buffer between treatments. Her horns are quite curved upwards. Required fields are marked *. On a dry matter basis, breakeven napier grass prices at variable cost ranged from $65 to $69Mg1 depending on irrigation regime and fertility treatments and breakeven prices at total cost ranged from $84 to $91Mg1. However, since napier grass is a perennial with multi-year production cycle, the breakeven prices for napier grass must be also calculated relative to the peanut, cotton, corn rotation system and not just against each crop individually. In one year, 6 to 8 crops of Super Napier grass can be harvest. WASTE DECOMPOSER! If necessary, remove the second spell within 45 days. Napier grass cannot survive in the lands which are waterlogged and prone to floods. Since no prices are established for napier grass, the breakeven prices for peanut, cotton, and corn were calculated individual and as a cropping system to address napier grass competitiveness. In Thumbzika method of the plantation, again there are two types. Before starting the cultivation of Napier grass, plough the field and harrow it very well. The establishment of seedlings will be done very rapidly from the slips rather than the ones which are grown from stem cuttings. 8:134141, Lamb M, Sorensen R, Nuti RC, Butts CL, Faircloth WH, Eigenberg D, Rowland DL (2011) Agronomic and economic effect of irrigation rate in corn produced in Georgia. But despite different types of soils, pH must be between 6.1 to 7.6. The results will provide a baseline for economically comparing napier grass with existing row cropping systems in Georgia. In an existing cropping system, a portion of depreciation on existing equipment could be paid out whereas equipment required for a new crop alternative would have to be purchased and fully depreciated. 2005. For napier grass to compete at the 100% irrigation level, the price ($ Mg1) would have to be $112.11 for variable cost and $116.11 for total cost (Table 5). Napier grass, a tropical plant, can grow up in drought and dry conditions. Irrigated peanut, cotton, and corn yields were increased 52, 93, and 297% over the non-irrigated yield (P0.05) during the 20112015 crop years (Table 2). Hydroponic Farming Setup in India - a Full Guide. Gir cow's forehead is Bulging out. In non-irrigated production regime napier grass was, however, more competitive. Using iron plought, two to five feet deep or about 15 to 30 cm ploughing should be done deeply. Utilizing a GIS-based approach to estimate production potential of three perennial grasses (giant miscanthus (Miscanthus giganteus), Merkeron napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum), and Alamo switchgrass (Panicum virgatum)), it was estimated that 2.29.4 Tg year1 of total biomass and 7783296 Ml year1 of ethanol could be produced annually on marginal lands (field borders and grassed waterways) in the Coastal Plain Region of Georgia. He made this hybrid plant by crossing ordinary Napier grass with pearl millet named pakchong1 where it is developed. Every seedling should have root and shoot. Napier grass also grows very well at an altitude of 1800 m to 2000m above the sea level. Planting whole stems is useful during the heavy rains, and in hilly areas where you need the grass to sprout quickly to cover the ground. Breakeven prices were lowest in the non-irrigated treatment at $64.85 for variable cost and $84.34 for total costs. Besides other green fodders like Berseem, Super Napier grass is one of the most productive and healthy green fodder for animals, especially for dairy farming animals. 3 Ways to Plant Napier Grass - wikiHow Stem cuttings (3 nodes lengths) were placed in a sand and soil mix during the fall of 2009. Even in a small space, we can practice hydroponic farming. Crop Sci 29:1327, Skevas T, Swinton SM, Tanner S, Sanford G, Thelen KD (2016) Investment Bioenergy Crops. It has high 400 to 450 leaves/pitch.It has high 400 to 450 leaves/pitch. The middle rows were used to determine yield and obtain samples for post-harvest quality evaluations. Best management practices and in-season scouting were used for disease, weed, and insect control. 2. The use of alternative biomass sources that are not competitive with food production is intended for sustainable management in biogas production through anaerobic digestion. . Economic Competitiveness of Napier Grass in Irrigated and Non-irrigated Georgia Coastal Plain Cropping Systems, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-018-9916-1, Agronomic performance, nitrogen acquisition and water-use efficiency of the perennial grain crop Thinopyrum intermedium in a monoculture and intercropped with alfalfa in Scandinavia, Perennial Bioenergy Crop Yield and Quality Response to Nitrogen Fertilization, Alley Cropping System in Degraded Land of Central India: Evaluation of Crop Performance, Economic Benefit and Soil Nutrients Availability, Conservation Agriculture-based Sustainable Intensification of Cereal Systems Leads to Energy Conservation, Higher Productivity and Farm Profitability, Cover crops for weed suppression in organic vegetable systems in semiarid subtropical Texas, Herbage accumulation, nutritive value and beef cattle production on marandu palisadegrass pastures in integrated systems, Green Manuring for Low-input Irrigated Maize Cultivation as an Energy Crop in Mediterranean Climates, Mulching and nitrogen management in peanut cultivation: an evaluation of productivity, energy trade-off, carbon footprint and profitability, Utilisation of cover crops: implications for conservation agriculture systems in a mediterranean climate region of South Africa, https://doi.org/10.1094/CM-2011-0721-02-RS. We don't use soil in hydroponic farming. Agron J 101(5):12341242, Balat M, Balat H (2009) Recent trends in global production and utilization of bio-ethanol fuel. It is native to Africa but is now grown in many tropical countries. Breakeven prices (cost per acre divided by yield) provide the prices at which production costs are covered for the given yield. Plantation of seedlings should be done in holes which are small or it can also be done in furrows. After that, Super Napier grass will grow very fast and densely. Do you want to learn Napier grass cultivation, if yes then you are on the right page. In 2013, rainfall was almost double the average received in the other growing seasons. Statistics Serv., Washington, DC, Branch WD (2007) Registration of Georgia-06G peanut. Later the disease reported from other countries like Uganda (1930), Rwanda (1963), Tanzania (1975), Kenya (1980) and Congo. At recent prices and yields for napier grass, peanut, cotton, and corn observed in this 5-year study, napier grass will not compete economically against traditional irrigated cropping systems. Azospirillum and phosphonates (800g per acre) or azophos (1600g) mix with 75% of recommended nitrogen and phosphorus, increase yield and reduce 25% fertilizer. Crop, Forage, and Turfgrass Management. The main effect of year was also significant (P<0.001). Investment in 1000 Super napier grass plants. Yearly variations in rainfall between crops were attributable to planting and harvest date differences. The grass grows tall and forms large clumps like bamboo. Once the weed is taken out the soil has to be enriched with sufficient nutrients, so that the crop yield much.After the first weed (30 days) or the second (45 days) taken the weed will grow depends on the nature of the soil. Marshall C. Lamb. For the pits which are round, digging should be done at a depth of up to 60 centimetres and a width of 90 centimetres. The breakeven napier grass price was estimated such that the net returns were equal between napier grass and peanut, cotton, corn cropping systems. Super Napier grass is a highly nutritious forage crop in many parts of the world. Two dairy cows can feed on the Napier grass cultivated in an acre of land in a year. An assumed price for napier grass of $75Mg1 was used to standardize revenue per hectare and the associated differences in irrigation application and rent cost were incorporated to estimate the partial net return to irrigation. This study investigates the Napier grass and cattle slurry-based biogas production application that could be applied more cost-effectively more sustainable production biogas. Then for the next 8 to 10 months, she produces milk, and rest of 1.5 to 2 months she rests. Though Napier grass is tolerant to drought and can grow well even in the areas which are dry, it is considered to be suitable to grow in the areas where there is high rainfall. This is because, late sowing gives only one cut by the last week of November and after that, it stays in a dormant stage. The 100% irrigation level provided a 29% increase in yield over the non-irrigated treatment (8238kgha1) and 27% yield increase resulted for the 50% irrigation rate compared to the non-irrigated (5957kgha1). Keywords: Napier grass, varieties, nutritive quality, yield Introduction Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) occurs naturally throughout tropical Africa and particularly in East Africa. It produces about 45 tonnes per hectare in a year and the harvesting can be done at least four times a year. Each plot consisted of three rows 10m long (2m between rows) with 9 plants within each row. Sahiwal cow and milk production Let's start with identity terms of Sahiwal cow to identify a pure Sahiwal cow breed- Sahiwal cow identity Head - Sahiwal cow head is long in size and round on forehead in shape. In term of cost to maintain Napier grass was 77.4 US$ per year. Linda-Maria Dimitrova Mrtensson, Ana Barreiro, Erik Steen Jensen, Sichao Wang, Gregg R. Sanford, Kurt D. Thelen, Sunil Kumar, T. Kiran Kumar, Probir Kumar Ghosh, Flabiele S. da Silva, Leandro F. Domiciano, Bruno C. Pedreira, Aikaterini Karyoti, Kyriakos D. Giannoulis, Nicholaos G. Danalatos, Mousumi Mondal, Sourav Garai, Rajib Kundu, Ernst H. Smit, Johann A. Strauss & Pieter A. Swanepoel, BioEnergy Research The alternative source is applying natural pesticide. The required breakeven prices in the 50 and 100% napier grass irrigation levels were basically the same. In one year, 6 to 8 crops of Super Napier grass can be harvest. Because of the irrigation water, some spontaneous plants and useless grass can grow with Super Napier grass. Cane cuttings are placed at an angle of 450 inside the planting holes. Net returns were most influenced by irrigation, crop rotation sequence, and commodity price. As a result, significantly less irrigation was applied in 2013 for all crops. Care should be taken to ensure that at least 2 nodes are within the soil. . Cut the young stems of the grass completely to a length of about 5 feet. Color - Mostly, Sahiwal cows are red and brownish in color but sometimes, the color can be a mixture of golden and brown. This activity is very dangerous. The Napier grass has a very high production of biomass. Paturages et alimentation des ruminants en zone tropicale humide, 1989, 333-348: However, net returns associated with higher irrigation and nitrogen levels were basically the same because of the added costs. Risks must also be considered as crop insurance coverage is available minimize downside yield and price risks for peanuts, cotton, and corn. The USDA-ARS WholeFarm planning system was utilized to calculate net returns and breakeven yields and prices. For non-irrigated corn, the required breakeven price was reached every year over both time periods (Table 6). Every cutting must fix at a 45 to 55-degree angle. Variable cost were derived from previous studies aimed at providing energy cane production cost in Louisiana and Florida where variable cost ranged from 59 to 79% of total cost of production at the farm level [4, 5, 20]. Your email address will not be published. Hence crop protection is not necessary. Napier grass can grow in a large variety of soils. Irrigation and fertilizer treatments began in spring of 2011. When harvesting the fodder should be remove along the ground level. Very good yields are obtained from the soils which are fertile with rich content of organic matter and nutrients. The breakeven prices in the 100 and 50% irrigation levels were basically the same at approximately $69 and $90 per ton for variable and total cost (Table 5). Now, start trimming the roots to a length of about 2.5 inches. Lamb, C.L. It is also important to understand the returns relative to traditional crops and cropping systems for varying crop prices. Focusing on variable costs only is a more direct and comparable approach when evaluating inclusion of a new crop alternative into an existing cropping system. GCB Bioenergy 8:11621177. Though, there is similar kind developed in India but has low yield (100 tons per acre) and nutrition (8-10 % protein) compared to the Thailand made. Guide to Plant, Harvest and Feed the Super Napier Peanuts were dug and inverted using a 2-row inverter and allowed to cure in the field to approximately 18% moisture content. This study provides results from a 5-year study on the yield and variable cost of production (including land rent) per ton for napier grass produced in non-irrigated and irrigated regimes on the Coastal Plain region in South Georgia. Corn was planted at 6.5 seeds m1. Disease mainly spreads through wind and plant materials. Economic feasibility of biofuel crops in Florida: energycane on mineral soils. Merkeron) was established in 10-cm pots in the greenhouse for transplanting the following spring. Cross commodity breakeven prices provide the prices change required such that the net returns between crops are equal. These horns are not so big but they are one of the signs to identify the Gir cow breed. As an alternative, the plantation of the grass can be done by using stem cuttings of. On the first lactation, Hf cow produces 35 to 40 liters of milk per day for the next 2 months. Cut a mature stem of Napier grass. 11, 574582 (2018). At least 14045 splits are required for planting per acre. PDF Opportunities for Napier Grass (Pennisetum purpureum) Improvement Using J Plant Reg 1:120120, Williams EJ, Drexler JS (1981) A non-destructive method for determining peanut pod maturity. CAS In rectangular pits, plantation of 10 cuttings should be done for every length 90 centimetres. (PDF) NAPIER GRASS FEED RESOURCE: PRODUCTION - ResearchGate Napier grass possesses many desirable characteristics, including high yield per unit area, tolerance to intermittent drought and high water use efciency [2], making it a forage of choice. Though yield difference between the 100 and 50% irrigation levels was significant, added costs for applying irrigation were incurred. Watering should be done on the third day. Cotton varieties also varied consisting of PHY375WRF (2011 and 2012) and PHY499WFR (2013, 2014, and 2015) (Dow AgroSciences, Indianapolis, IN). Your seed/cutting must have at least 2 nodes, otherwise, your yield may not be in extra amount. Method of propagation. Unlike Berseem fodder, Super Napier grass grows by cutting nodes. One is Round pit and the other is a rectangular pit. On 20 April 2010, transplants were planted in plots (1m between plants in a row). A 32 factorial design was also included for Nitrogen and Potassium fertilizer. The napier grass breakeven prices ($ Mg1) were obtained by dividing the cost per hectare (including land rent) by the dry matter yield. This particular grass can have 8 to 10 feet tall and at least 6 to 10 kg fodder at once from a single plant. Google Scholar, Coffin AW, Strickland TC, Anderson WF, Lamb MC, Lowrance RR, Smith CM (2016) Potential for production of perennial biofuel feedstocks in conservation buffers on the coastal plain of Georgia, USA. In the Coastal Plain region of Georgia, cropping systems primarily consist of peanut, cotton, and corn produced in both irrigated and non-irrigated regimes. When considering the grass yield of cultivation, the annual CH 4 yield per area obtained from Napier grass at the cutting intervals of 30, 40, 60 and 90 days was 2700, 4763, 6500 and 6013 m 3 . BEST WAY TO ORGANIC FARMER. Biogas Production from Napier Grass at Various Cutting Intervals - Springer The soil should be fully absorbed and given the required nutrients then the soil should be extinguished. The breakeven prices are calculated for total costs (variable and fixed costs) for all crops. The growth of Napier grass occurs quickly. The combined fertility treatments did not have an effect on napier grass yield (P=0.054). If Napier grass does not grow wild in your area, you may be able to buy some from a plant nursery or catalogue. The results of this research provide the baseline for Southeast producers to evaluate napier grass production in both irrigated and non-irrigated environments relative to traditional cropping systems. Cenchrus purpureus - Wikipedia Although slight variations existed in certain years due to weather or equipment availability, tillage operations basically consisted of disking, subsoiling, S-tine field cultivating, rototill to establish seed beds, and planting.
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