unit 8 progress check mcq ap bio

%PDF-1.7 AP Bio Unit 7 DRAFT. The 2020 free-response questions are available in theAP Classroom question bank. 2023 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved. The most important factor limiting the geographic range for plants and animals is climate. The correct answer is (A). .z)K"3n6 Infant vervet monkeys probably learn how to give the right call by observing other group members and receiving social confirmation. Greater species diversity in tropical communities than in polar and temperate communities. AVC:lTkSkMXB)}e AP Classroom Unit 8 Progress Check MC 5.0 (1 review) In the mid-1920s, gray wolves, Canis lupus, were eliminated from Yellowstone National Park in the northwestern United States. 0 Save Share Edit Copy and Edit. Use your results to pinpoint misunderstandings and create your own study plan. Play this game to review Biology. Imprinting involves a specific stage in life during which long-lasting behavioral response is formed to a particular individual or object. Expand All 17 resources All study guides replays slides Study Guides Privacy Policy. Take a look at the, C. Female peacocks with eyespot sticks on their feathers, D. Using the same scientist to interact with the animals, A.change behavior and move onto a warm rock in the sun, C. increasing metabolism to generate thermal energy, D. dilate blood vessels to increase heat dissipation, B. primary producers increase to make up for the loss, C. increase in primary consumers and decrease in secondary consumers, D. Decline in primary and secondary consumers, A.consume energy: capture energy from the sun, B. capture energy from the sun: capture energy from other organisms, D. capture energy from consuming organism: use photosynthesis to make sugars, A.outcompete others by exploring a new niche, B. number of species living in the community, C. number of individuals living in the community, D. number of species and abundance of individuals in each species, B. more resilient to change in environment, Connect with other students studying AP Bio with. encourage students to take advantage of on their own, on mobile devices or computers. The tree upon which the epiphyte grows remains unaffected. Humans have ear muscles which are no longer functional. AP Bio Unit 7. FWS#GT :@UT+n]&UT Expert AP teachers across the country can support your course virtually: Supplement your instruction with 30-minute videos on each unit hosted by college or university professors. Geographic variation occurs when there are differences in the genetic composition of separate populations. AP Biology Main Menu >>. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. ]6eUT$3QVV7TmPl'=tJd>9;DQY E]KdDk ]&4cwuj_$jJ9X:>V(cbu\qxN8{k/YL8hST6"l_dsnTx[} -*Y_+9!:mZGBy endstream endobj 288 0 obj <>>>/Filter/Standard/Length 128/O("\n5QFm\(|*t)/P -1052/R 4/StmF/StdCF/StrF/StdCF/U(p/c )/V 4>> endobj 289 0 obj <. The correct answer is (B). Whether assigned as homework or completed in class, the Personal Progress Checkprovides each student with immediate feedback related to this unit's topic and skills. The correct answer is (C). This practice exam is provided by the College Board for AP Exam preparation. . Biology. The average cell cycle time is greater for the root tips growing in compact sand than for the root tips 6 0 obj 40 minutes ago. Answers to Unit 8 progress check mcq on college board. Instructor-paced BETA . I just wish teachers would give us time to study for the AP test since that gets us college credit not our class grade. This allows an animals nervous system to more important signals, such as those that signal the presence of a mate, food or serious threat. AP Biology - Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) Exam Date: May 10, 2023Cram With Us! Habituation occurs when an animal stops responding to a stimulus that conveys little or no new information. This draws attention to the individual sounding the alarm and could lead to death of the individual but save the others in the colony. Over time, the rate of immigration and the rate of species extinction become equal and stabilize the population and the number of species will correlate with the islands size and its distance from the mainland. the energy contained in the standing crop, the energy used by heterotrophs in respiration, the energy used by autotrophs in respiration. QUIZ. Take a look at the, A.division of the cytoplasm: division of the nuclei, C. division of the nuclei: division of the cytoplasm, A. prophase, anaphase, metaphase, telophase, B. anaphase, metaphase, telophase, prophase, C. telophase, anaphase, metaphase, anaphase, D. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, A. sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles, B. homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles, C. chromosomes align vertically and exchange genetic material, D. sister chromatids align at the anaphase plate, C. secondary messengers amplify the signal, A. If at least 1 receptor has not mutated, the response should stay the same, B. Assign topic questions to reveal student misunderstandings and target your lessons. The correct answer is (D). endstream endobj startxref Over the course of 1995 and 1996, 31 wolves from Canada were relocated to the park. Complete the following Personal Progress Checks: Unit 8 Progress Check: MCQ Unit 8 Progress Check: FRQ To access the Personal Progress Checks, log in to your MyAP account (Links to an external site. When the concentration of in an aqueous solution is held constant, the rate of the reaction catalyzed by increases with increasing concentrations of substrate. Browse AP World History exam prep resources including unit reviews, big ideas and course outlines, free response help, and practice questions. AP Biology Practice Test: Unit 8 Ecology Question 1 Which of the following environmental issues has the most impact on the distribution of local and global ecosystems over time? # ygy,W>YZQrJ. 252 0 obj <> endobj Paulette Unger, Christ Church Episcopal School, Greenville, S.C. Kelcey Burris, Union High School, Camas, Wash. Christopher Monsour, Columbian High School, Tiffin, Ohio. Subtraction of which of the following will convert gross primary productivity into net primary productivity? %PDF-1.7 % The correct answer is (A). That means it should take you around 15 minutes to complete 10 questions . Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. Humans have developed complex systems over the last 100k years, but WHAP is a deep dive into the politics, economics, and cultures of only the last 800 years. The ligand would enter through the plasma membrane and interact directly with the DNA, C. The ligand would most likely not bind to the receptor protein, and transduction of the signal would not happen, D. The ligand could bind to a different receptor protein and begin transduction that way, A. PTH secretion decreases in response to calcium levels, B. PTH secretion increases in response to calcium levels, C. Signals can only interact with one cell type, D. Signals can interact with multiple cell types, Multiple Choice Practice for Cellular Communication and Cell Cycle, Connect with other students studying AP Bio with. AP studentscan also access videos on their own for additional support. 2023 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved. Personal Progress Check 8 Multiple-choice: ~20 questions Free-response: 2 questions Students are allowed to use this resource on the AP Biology Exam. 0. We'll go over how the MCQs are structured, how to approach each question, and some last minute tips. Any Personal Preview this quiz on Quizizz. Primary succession takes place after a disturbance has left a terrestrial community devoid of all life and viable soil. Does anyone know where I can find the answers to this, they are not anywhere online. A list of online resources recommended by your fellow AP Biology teachers. Guest lecturers include: The Faculty Lectures are available on theAP Classroom Course Resources page, under Overview, as well asYouTube. When prairie dog habitats are located near trails used by humans or located in a zoo, they do not give alarm calls each time a human approaches. 1 . % Humans have developed complex systems over the last 100k years, but WHAP is a deep dive into the politics, economics, and cultures of only the last 800 years. search for any question, passage, or stimulus by text or keyword. Logistic population growth model indicates that population growth increase will reach zero as the population reaches carrying capacity. NEW. Progress checks help you gauge student knowledge and skills for each unit through: multiple-choice questions with rationales explaining correct and incorrect answers, and free-response questions with scoring guides to help you evaluate student work. 287 0 obj <> endobj 307 0 obj <>/Encrypt 288 0 R/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<4939EAD146604F339A6E69AA43D6E8AF><6CCE471041214D0187C37C715102B8C8>]/Index[287 36]/Info 286 0 R/Length 98/Prev 803536/Root 289 0 R/Size 323/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream find topic questions and practice exam questions, indexed by content and skills. 2 plays. Organisms with Type III survivorship curves experience high early mortality. V{jAA0 Fwy$n;gK~-Z(b hN89gSqvdM 2`:;##KCo,sx'K. The remaining population can continue to live in your body and cause problems, but the population of bacteria will not be as genetically diverse. You have not finished your quiz. You can: Learn how to get started in AP Classroom. As they get older, their accuracy improves. Over time, an islands geology will remain stable. Your performance has been rated as %%RATING%%, More Practice Tests: >2=[ v*/uZ[+`_E3Jdop"sGs+X%-1Kc- m=E#a0~6,8tV#q?eUmy(66b;R g. When an adult vervet monkey sees an eagle, it gives a specific alarm call (a short-double-syllabled cough). But if the organism is not a threat, the other members of the group remain silent. The correct answer is (B). Question 2 In the 1950s, scientists began observing a decline in the populations of certain bird species such as pelicans, ospreys and eagles. and our Web Unit 8 Progress Check: MCQ. The correct answer is (C). Ecology is all about the interactions that organisms have amongst themselves and with their environment. The correct answer is (A). Edit. AP Chemistry Scoring Guide Unit 8 Progress Check: FRQ Copyright 2021. Whether youre teaching in person or online, these free, flexible online resources can keep your class on pace throughout the year. The correct answer is (A). Please wait while the activity loads. Unit 8 Progress Check: AP Biology MCQ In the mid-1920s, gray wolves, Canis lupus, were eliminated from Yellowstone National Park in the northwestern United States. That means it should take you around 15 minutes to complete 10 questions . Social learning involves learning by observing others. The correct answer is (D). [!*Id"D;n+BV? Nm}hwMUnhfagU8K>n/R';-0$-~pH[u7:"EQw_]pFXM!/PqgU:I,&7I(-h6Z-B2H`51#>W1`oj*.a|c2J HVqz%sJG.#}*9\8RceMa|ya7Dg8EwYZ#Ei7 A]zO/z When the birds attempted to incubate their eggs, they cracked and the embryos died. The AP Biology Lab Manual Resource Center provides information, links, and resources relating to the lab manual. Facts about the test: The AP Biology exam has 60 multiple choice questions and you will be given 1 hour 30 minutes to complete the section. SComplete study guide/review with practice. Jennifer Duell. Reciprocal altruism is when animals behave altruistically towards nonrelatives. Cladogram Practice LOOK OVER AT LEAST ONE! Unit 8 study guides written by former AP Bio students to review Ecology with detailed explanations and practice questions. Doing so allows the epiphyte access to sunlight. 272 0 obj <>/Encrypt 253 0 R/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<4939EAD146604F339A6E69AA43D6E8AF><11C51C13C9663845A1D50120767E69C3>]/Index[252 36]/Info 251 0 R/Length 97/Prev 791176/Root 254 0 R/Size 288/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream 80% average accuracy. For example, epiphytes are plants that grow on the upper reaches of other plants. It is also available in Appendix A of the CED. If this activity does not load, try refreshing your browser. The nine unit s in AP Chemistry, and their weighting on the multiple-choice section of the AP Exam, are listed below. The wing of a bat and the wing of a bird both play a role in flight. A study conducted on bumblebees in Colorado showed how different species of. Biodiversity favors warmer climates with adequate rainfall. In unit 8 of AP Biology, we'll cover topics such as responses to the environment, energy flow, population ecology, the effect of density of populations, community ecology, etc. In this example, the cleaner fish feed on the parasites that are on their clients and their clients are healthier for having the parasites removed. In addition, the goose will also try to retrieve other objects that are shaped like an egg, such as a golf ball, and return them to them to the next. Biochem Practice Test with answers bio_chem_practice_test.rtf Download File Unit 2: Cells & Cellular Transport Test Practice Test Unit 3: METABOLISM AND PLANT TEST Lecture & Video REVIEWs Click for Chapter 8 REVIEW Practice Questions unit_3_-_metabolism___plants_practice_test.pdf Download File FRQ PRACTICE IS BELOW. Interestingly, if the egg is removed from the goose while it is rolling it back to the nest, the goose will continue the behavior as if moving an imaginary egg. mericlaire5_79533. ZA864PlS%}@,}K3;UY@KBwTuGoZ0Nrk>3I.C06(US~Wu2ss]){{NX\G? Also, this page requires javascript. Mutualism describes a relationship in which both interacting members benefit. This small population of bacteria may have allele frequencies different from the bacteria that perished early in the antibiotic regimen. Start your own study with me session on our platform! Because of the reduced population, certain alleles may be overrepresented in the surviving organisms. Acetylcholinesterase is a protein that catalyzes the conversion of acetylcholine to acetate and choline. . They sound an alarm call every time they see a bird. 261 Show detail Preview View more Unit 8 Progress Check: FRQ - INVESTIGATING MATTER (S 3 days ago investigatingmatters.com Web AP Chemistry Scoring Guide Unit 8 Progress Check: FRQ Copyright 2021. The correct answer is (D). Please visit using a browser with javascript enabled. Save. Progress checkshelp you gauge student knowledge and skills for each unit through: My Reportshighlights progress for every student and class across AP units. I-)]"b@w]b\v%r85MH7Xv(}E$B <> The question bankis a searchable database of real AP questions. Students progress at their own pace and you see a leaderboard and live results. ;u:^[rrL#ctl\2a{7`X%LoCloP0HJQ"f!Ycq8Um0 With the loss of their predator prey populations can explode and compete with each other and strip the community of the resources needed for the survival of the prey population(s). https://uxpq.biagiodicapua.it/ap-chemistry-unit-9-progress-check-mcq-answers.html Ap Chemistry Unit 8 Progress Check Frq Answers - ODCAR The correct answer is (D). Keystones species are those that exert such a strong control on community structure that if they are removed from the ecosystem, there will be dramatic negative impacts. A fixed action pattern is a sequence of instinctive actions that, one begun, are typically carried out to completion. to determine evolutionary relationships scientist use. 0% average accuracy. %PDF-1.7 % Biogeography is the study of the geographic distribution of species. endstream endobj 253 0 obj <>>>/EncryptMetadata false/Filter/Standard/Length 128/O(Q.`;RvqL)/P -1340/R 4/StmF/StdCF/StrF/StdCF/U(H|_q\(+y,- )/V 4>> endobj 254 0 obj <. 40 minutes . AP EXAM WEIGHTING AP BIOLOGY UNIT Ecology 8 00762-113-CED-Biology_Unit 8.indd 147 2/28/19 8:45 PM. Sign in to AP Classroomto access AP Daily. 10th - 12th grade . These materials are part of a College Board program. x. Not ready to take a quiz yet? DRAFT. Over the course of 1995 and 1996, 31 wolves from Canada were relocated to the park. create custom quizzes that can be assigned online or on paper. Resource partitioning allows similar species to coexist by using different sets of resources. Sign in to AP Classroomand explore these resources: AP Daily videosare short, searchable instructional segments you can: Topic questionsare formative questions to check student understanding as you teach. Infant vervet monkeys, however, give very undiscriminating alarm calls. They are able to distinguish among eagle species and only sound the alarm for the two species that eat vervets. This will eventually affect the gene pool. Often, keystone species are predators. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [emailprotected]. MacArthur and Wilson proposed that the rate of species extinction will equal the rate of immigration, and the number of species at this equilibrium point can be correlated to the size of the island and its distance from the mainland. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. Videos are availablein AP Classroom, on your Course Resources page. free-response questions with scoring guides to help you evaluate student work. Rachel Lytle, Brentwood High School, Brentwood, Tenn. Lisa Neesemann, Bay Ridge Prep, Brooklyn, N.Y. Tanea Hibler, Brophy College Preparatory, Phoenix, Ariz. Liz Cowles, Eastern Connecticut State University, Uma Garimella, University of Central Arkansas. The correct answer is (D). If loading fails, click here to try again. multiple-choice questions with rationales explaining correct and incorrect answers, and. The forelimb (arm) of a bat and that of a human have a large number of similarities. Once you are finished, click the button below. The correct answer is (B). The correct answer is (D). The correct answer is (D). Edit. 2 years ago by . Progress Checks Get real-time feedback on the topics and skills in each unit as your teacher unlocks progress checks. to determine evolutionary relationships scientist use. Get started for free! assign alongside topic questions to address misunderstandings. Exams may not be posted on school or personal websites, nor electronically redistributed for any reason. 0 Topic Questions Your teacher can assign these questions that check your understanding to give you immediate feedback on any misunderstandings. Global warming shifts the climate around the globe, and thus will influence the distribution of ecosystems. Part D The second point requires 3 things: (1) net change in Gwen's velocity, (2) units of feet per second, and (3)reference to time interval from to %%EOF For more information, please see our Click link for practice quizzes in all content of AP BIO: Which of the following properly links the nutrient to its reservoir? The correct answer is (C). Line B grows exponentially faster than the other lines. Biology. "/sSF6&n3 https://play.kahoot.it/#/k/9b845f6e-d42a-434e-abed-a59973d4ceda. The correct answer is (A). For example, a prairie dog will sound the alarm when an intruder is nearby to alert its colony. The correct answer is (B). Prairie dogs give an alarm call when a suspected predator is nearby. nkI[j>L&H">B Secondary succession leaves the soil intact. In the 1950s, scientists began observing a decline in the populations of certain bird species such as pelicans, ospreys and eagles. hbbd```b``57@$y4DrH6uVa9tGvd,U@d_#zT#30>` !S endstream endobj startxref 0 %%EOF 322 0 obj <>stream Scoring GuidelinesStudent Performance Q&AScoring Statistics, Sample Responses Q1Sample Responses Q2Sample Responses Q3Sample Responses Q4, Scoring GuidelinesScoring CommentaryStudent Performance Q&AScoring Statistics, Scoring GuidelinesScoring CommentaryStudent Performance Q&A, Learning Opportunities for AP Coordinators. I have a 270 slide lecture of the immune system, circulatory system, and osmoregulation to go through before my test on Friday even though it's never on the AP tests. assign to students before or after class to maximize time for discussion. SUPER DRAFT. The Galapagos finches are all similar to one another. . Carrying capacity represents the maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain. Keystone species play a major role in maintaining community structure. https://fiveable.me/Let's connect:Instagram https://www.instagram.com/thinkfiveableTwitter https://twitter.com/thinkfiveableTikTok -https://www.tiktok.com/@thinkfiveablePinterest -https://www.pinterest.com/thinkfiveable/Discord https://discord.gg/thinkfiveableStart a study session with a timer, Spotify playlists and a task list:http://fiveable.me/Subscribe for more videos:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxnn#apworld #apworldhistory#history #apwh #ww #apworldmemes #historymemes #aphistory #ap #whap #historymeme #meme #apwhmemes #whapmemes #worldhistory #historical #apstats #StudyWithMe #Studying #Study #StudyWithFiveable #AP #CollegeBoard #StudyInspo #Education #EdTech #Students Personal Progress Check 8 Multiple-choice: ~20 questions Free-response: 2 questions This reference guide is for students to use as they develop quantitative skills, such as using measurements, gathering and evaluating data, using quantitative evidence to support claims, and connecting empirical information to scientific theory, throughout the course. The correct answer is (B). In Session #3 of the AP Classroom Tutorial Series, learn how Progress Checks can provide: (a) students with unit-wide formative assessment opportunities that. Remember to go to AP Classroom to assign students the online Personal Progress Check for . Time to check your answers on Unit 8 Practice Questions Answers and Review. In a commensalism one member of the pair benefits and the other member of the pair is unaffected. Z-!uvR!i1Q' }OXM_"0#kem4&lj1?|u)'x If you are ill with a bacterial infection and take antibiotics, the antibiotic will kill the harmful bacteria in your body. Biological magnification is the process by which toxins accumulate, becoming more concentrated, as they move up the food chain. Altruism is exhibited when an animal in a close-knit group, such as prairie dogs, seemingly puts its survival on the line to benefit the group. If you leave this page, your progress will be lost. hbbd```b``oy09Dr:H6 V ;d@V DAd d PH|F5?#g AV But no, I don't know how to find the answers. c. Carbon dissolved CO2 in aquatic ecosystems. The student response accurately includes both of the criteria below. DDT was applied to control insects in the 1940s. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform.  L}[-3uVnUAe- P8!xC?5 0=&| sN7+?)l@Q+g#BCWsjVP|`kv3e6 ;avpUU9ew6JQKk Xk[c~tCI:&MuHma$b'B6-` xYKo#7x7K70dY3VFk,y2_-vKF.AV5X'J%Z|=4K1RkS!b%qW})$+UBY'"$'b45\6f,mkTwzoysgcPwfgFImm +-> C ~i^T NVln^.#: AP Biology Unit 8: Ecology. AP Bio - Unit 5 - Meiosis Pretest/Post test questions & answers for quizzes and tests - Quizizz Find and create gamified quizzes, lessons, presentations, and flashcards for students, employees, and everyone else. Get ready to ace the multiple-choice questions of the AP Biology exam. Operant conditioning is trial and error learning. track to see which students are watching each video in each class. The correct answer is (A). The correct answer is (C). A change in the nucleotide sequence of an organisms DNA can create new alleles. The epiphyte obtains water and nutrients from the air. The AP Biology exam has 60 multiple choice questions and you will be given 1 hour 30 minutes to complete the section. Hyphae (filaments forming the body of fungi), chitin (found in fungal cell walls) and mycelium (feeding network fungi) are all parts of fungi. The location of the island will be the primary determinate of the types of predators the island can support. stream For example, if the infant gives the call and there is in fact a predator, the other group members will also give the alarm call. The College Board. Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. 10th - 11th grade. The correct answer is (C). A6HkVA1(`kA2EP-][/00h=UfG ]Qo*(NKR5K/+RDBh3zJJgiNV^U|5vx;\Uc+z{WVj3\Uhj"ab:P"W8q>>1X[q|||bkBP~ti9s5yD7:=Ja'5bx^y7RjzSlkAg4K(1:@fhjFuK6"FTli2SMSbSTe:8=Cmw'\d>[Wr2N.UPY If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at ssd@info.collegeboard.org. =dp @nmY*KBS[%{q%.oD'B[X#X}%rt7AAcpqZ:a7 ; [J|L>H}{)H=aTy ?77q|"k {rLwu0qCd &=4:n Q{9~&*ei The bottleneck effect occurs when there is a sudden change in the environment that drastically reduces the size of the population. If a mother graylag gooses egg rolls out of its nest, the goose will instinctively roll it back with its beak. Also, tropical communities have had more opportunities to experience speciation because the growing season is longer and it has not experienced biological setbacks such as glaciations. https://library.fiveable.me/ap-worldStudy with friends using the #1 virtual studying platform for students! Not ready to take a quiz yet? The size of the island will be the primary determinate of the number of predators the island can support. AP resources are designed to support all students and teacherswith daily instruction, practice, and feedback to help cover and connect content and skillsin any learning environment. Cookie Notice Create your own unique website with customizable templates. By knowing the question types and the skills accessed, you'll be prepared in no time! ), go to AP Classroom, and navigate to the Personal Progress Checks page. The nine units in AP Chemistry, and their weighting on the multiple-choice section of the AP Exam, are listed below. Learning Opportunities for AP Coordinators. Personal Progress Checkfor this unit. My Reports highlights progress for every student and class across AP units. Facts about the test: The AP Biology exam has 60 multiple choice questions and you will be given 1 hour 30 minutes to complete the section. You will start feeling better and you may be tempted to stop taking the antibiotics before you finish the prescription. definite integral answer Solution: During the 45 seconds from time to time the total distance that Gwen runs is 250.099 feet. Biology Practice Exam From the 2013 Administration This is a modified version of the 2013 AP Biology Exam. Unit 8 Progress Check: MCQ. 287 0 obj <>stream Unit 4 Progress Check: MCQ root tips growing in compact sand. They found an accumulation of DDT in the tissues of the birds, which interfered with calcium deposits in their eggshells, rendering them weak. Any items you have not completed will be marked incorrect. 0 times. Unit 8 MC Review on AP Central Tuesday 3/24 Chapter 16 Review Review Answers Assessment Friday covering Chapter 16 - Acid Base Equilibrium Buffers Saturday 3/21 Classwork: Buffer Problems I Homework: Buffers Made Easy through Exercise #4 Friday 3/20 Classwork Mastering Chemistry Assignment Homework Buffers Made Easy through Exercise #1 If you do stop taking the antibiotics, a small population of bacteria could survive. yh&+I +,{/@u/dcW.Jv'[TfRrY`MTE A`1|Oj7?DQ~s4^47Cle`Al/q$I5 nbZ@#: YN

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