Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) [82][pageneeded]. 32. Inchbald kept the historical setting, but The Massacre, completed by February 1792, also reflected events in the recent French Revolution, though not the September Massacres of 1792, which coincided with its printing. Jarnac; La Roche-l'Abeille; Poitiers; Orthez; Moncontour; Saint-Jean d'Angly; Arney-le-Duc, Fourth; 157273 To placate the angry Huguenots, the government agreed to investigate the assassination attempt. [50] The pope ordered a Te Deum to be sung as a special thanksgiving (a practice continued for many years after) and had a medal struck with the motto Ugonottorum strages 1572 (Latin: "Overthrow (or slaughter) of the Huguenots 1572") showing an angel bearing a cross and a sword before which are the felled Protestants. History 104 / January 16, 2013 [73] It also gave added impetus to the strong anti-Italian feelings already present in Huguenot polemic. [86] This view is also partly supported by Cunningham and Grell (2000) who explained that "militant sermons by priests such as Simon Vigor served to raise the religious and eschatological temperature on the eve of the Massacre". Third; 15681570 Power Point This change was soon picked up by Huguenot writers, who began to expand on Calvin and promote the idea of the sovereignty of the people, ideas to which Catholic writers and preachers responded fiercely. At the low end are figures of about 2,000 in Paris[41] and 3,000 in the provinces, the latter figure an estimate by Philip Benedict in 1978. Lasting several weeks in all, the massacre expanded outward to the countryside and other urban centres. The execution decision was therefore his own, and not Catherine de' Medici's. 33. Kill them! 1. [99], Joseph Chnier's play Charles IX was a huge success during the French Revolution, drawing strongly anti-monarchical and anti-religious lessons from the massacre. [37] It has been claimed that the Huguenot community represented as much as 10% of the French population on the eve of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, declining to 78% by the end of the 16th century, and further after heavy persecution began once again during the reign of Louis XIV, culminating with the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.[38]. motivations which lead to this savage action. Another historian Mack P. Holt, Professor at George Mason University, agrees that Vigor, "the best known preacher in Paris", preached sermons that were full of references to the evils that would befall the capital should the Protestants seize control. [citation needed] Whitehead, Barbara (1994), "Revising the Revisionists," in: The subject of Butterfield's chapter, referenced below. Jesuit general from 1565 to 1572. [55] On the other hand, the Holy Roman Emperor, Maximilian II, King Charles's father-in-law, was sickened, describing the massacre as a "shameful bloodbath". Giovanni Michiel, from A Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre From The Religious Peace of Augsburg Reform in the Catholic World History 104 / January 16, 2013 I. She, supposed his words had different meanings that alluded to his plan to stir up new storms and. Chnier was able to put his principles into practice as a politician, voting for the execution of Louis XVI and many others, perhaps including his brother Andr Chnier. 32. How Did the Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day Start? The Huguenot political movement was crippled by the loss of many of its prominent aristocratic leaders, and many rank-and-file members subsequently converted. King Charles IX ordered the killing of a group of Huguenot leaders, including Coligny, and the slaughter spread throughout Paris. AP and Pre-AP are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, these products. [11], In the years preceding the massacre, Huguenot political rhetoric had for the first time taken a tone against not just the policies of a particular monarch of France, but monarchy in general. The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre - Macmillan Learning "Holding a lit de justice, Charles declared that he had ordered the massacre in order to thwart a Huguenot plot against the royal family. He wrote a strongly anti-Catholic and anti-French play based on the events entitled The Massacre at Paris. Modern estimates for the number of dead across France vary widely, from 5,000 to 30,000. The Venetian Senate, Letter to the Venetian Ambassadors in France, 1572 . The severed head of Coligny was apparently dispatched to Pope Gregory XIII, though it got no further than Lyon, and the pope sent the king a Golden Rose. The Vincentian ambassador in Washington, D. C. is the official representative of the Government in the Kingstown to the Government of the United States. A particular point of tension was an open-air cross erected on the site of the house of Philippe de Gastines, a Huguenot who had been executed in 1569. The Swiss mercenaries expelled the Protestant nobles from the Louvre castle and then slaughtered them in the streets. Some cities unaffected by the violence nevertheless witnessed a sharp decline in their Huguenot population. 2. Bloody Mary on the throne (1553-1558) Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre was a wave of mob violence directed against the French Protestant (Huguenot) minority by the Catholic majority. 2013, St Bartholomew's Day Massacre in the Provinces, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "From Marriage to Massacre: The Louvre in August 1572", "Gaspard II de Coligny, seigneur de Chtillon | French admiral and Huguenot leader | Britannica", "Le massacre de la Saint-Barthlemy: l'obsession de la souillure hrtique", The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to Al Qaeda, The Cambridge Modern History Volume III: Wars of Religion, Russia self-condemned, secret and inedited documents connected with Russian history and diplomacy, "Vigil Address of the Holy Father John Paul II", "The Doctor Who Transcripts The Massacre of St Bartholomew's Eve", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre&oldid=1151357161, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010, Articles needing additional references from November 2017, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, France articles missing geocoordinate data, Articles missing coordinates without coordinates on Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Cavalli, the Venetian Ambassador, maintained in his report that the king held out for an hour and a half, finally yielding because of Catherine's threat to leave France and the fear that his brother, the Duke of Anjou, might be named captain-general of the Catholics. It was one event in the series of civil wars between Roman Catholics and Huguenots that beset France in the late 16th century. St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre: Causes, Events, Impact - ThoughtCo Lincoln, chapter 6, pp. 9394, and Benedict (2004), p. 127, Knecht (2001), p. 368, though see Holt (2005), pp. 1,293 solutions. Anjou's supposed account was the source of the quotation attributed to Charles IX: "Well then, so be it! A riveting account of the Saint Bartholomews Day Massacre, its origins, and its aftermath, this volume by Barbara B. Diefendorf introduces students to the most notorious episode in Frances sixteenth century civil and religious wars and an event of lasting historical importance. [90], Holt, notable for re-emphasising the importance of religious issues, as opposed to political/dynastic power struggles or socio-economic tensions, in explaining the French Wars of Religion, also re-emphasised the role of religion in the St Bartholomew's Day Massacre. St. Bartholomew's Day massacre - Wikipedia An attempt was made on Coligny's life a few days later on August 22[18] as he made his way back to his house from the Louvre. Huguenots in Rouen, Lyon, Bourges, Orlans, and Bordeaux were among the victims. To explain the massacre, Charles, assuming responsibility for it, claimed that there had been a Huguenot plot against the crown. The first round, Germany : Lutherans vs. Catholics 30. One can also understand why, the day after the start of the massacre, Catherine de' Medici, through royal declaration of Charles IX, condemned the crimes, and threatened the Guise family with royal justice. Three of her sons were kings of France . According to 10 United States Code 2784, which two of the following could result from a Governmentwide Commercial Purchase Card Program violation? Thus, some modern historians have stressed the critical and incendiary role that militant preachers played in shaping ordinary lay beliefs, both Catholic and Protestant. Garrison, pp. The Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre by Franois Dubois. It depicts the massacre as having been instigated by Catherine de' Medici for both religious and political reasons, and authorised by a weak-willed and easily influenced Charles IX.[103]. The Venetian Senate, Letter to the Venetian Ambassadors in France, 1572 . [8] The rise in food prices and the luxury displayed on the occasion of the royal wedding increased tensions among the common people. This play was translated into English, with some adaptations, as The Massacre by the actress and playwright Elizabeth Inchbald in 1792. [32] It seems unlikely any such orders came from the king, although the Guise faction may have desired the massacres. [45] At the higher end are total figures of up to 20,000,[46] or 30,000 in total, from "a contemporary, non-partisan guesstimate" quoted by the historians Felipe Fernndez-Armesto and D. The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre and the events surrounding it were incorporated into D.W. Griffith's film Intolerance (1916). Under the terms of the peace, and after considerable popular resistance, this had been removed in December 1571 (and re-erected in a cemetery), which had already led to about 50 deaths in riots, as well as mob destruction of property. Richard Verstegan, Horrible Cruelties of the Huguenots in France, 1587 . The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre King Philip II (1527-1598). Other theories about who was ultimately responsible for the attack centre on three candidates: The attempted assassination of Coligny triggered the crisis that led to the massacre. The homes and shops of Huguenots were pillaged and their occupants brutally murdered; many bodies were thrown into the Seine. Traditionally believed to have been instigated by Queen Catherine de' Medici, the mother of King Charles IX,[2] the massacre started a few days after the marriage on 18 August of the king's sister Margaret to the Protestant King Henry III of Navarre. "The massacre was interpreted as an act of divine retribution; Coligny was considered a threat to Christendom and thus Pope Gregory XIII designated 11 September 1572 as a joint commemoration of the Battle of Lepanto and the massacre of the Huguenots. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre - New Advent Lesson 1 - French Wars of Religion Unit 6 Flashcards | Quizlet 1 Two . 8891 (quotation from p. 91), Foa, Jrmie, "Tous ceux qui tombent. 1. Catherine de Medici, the mother of Charles, feared Admiral Colignys growing influence over her son. The featured documents offer a rich array of sources on the conflict including royal edicts, popular songs, polemics, eyewitness accounts, memoirs, paintings, and engravings to enable students to explore the massacre, the nature of church-state relations, the moral responsibility of secular and religious authorities, and the origins and consequences of religious persecution and intolerance in this period. The Catholic response to a Huguenot plot / Claude Haton (1572) -- 18. Also, in his biography The World of Christopher Marlowe, David Riggs claims the incident remained with the playwright, and massacres are incorporated into the final acts of three of his early plays, 1 and 2 Tamburlaine and The Jew of Malta see above for Marlowe and Machiavellism. 89102, quotation from p. 102, Burdett, Sarah, Sarah Burdett, "'Feminine Virtues Violated Motherhood, Female Militancy and Franois Dubois - Wikipedia The ambassador of the United States to the Holy See is the official representative of the United States of America to the Holy See, the leadership of the Catholic Church.The official representation began with the formal opening of diplomatic relations with the Holy See by President Ronald Reagan and Pope John Paul II in 1984.. Before the establishment of formal diplomatic relations, President . Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. To which is added, the Description of a New Blazing World 567, Ren Descartes From Discourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy 575, Isaac Newton From Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy 579, Illustration from Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium (1705) 581, John Locke From An Essay Concerning Human Understanding 583, A rich, relevant collection of primary sources at an exceptional value, James Brophy is the Francis H. Squire Professor of History specializing in modern European history at the University of Delaware. Holt speculated this entailed "between two and three dozen noblemen" who were still in Paris. Perspectives from the Past: Primary Sources in Western Civilizations Term Despite the firm opposition of the Queen Mother and the King, Anjou, Lieutenant General of the Kingdom, present at this meeting of the council, could see a good occasion to make a name for himself with the government. Read online (or offline) with all the highlighting and notetaking tools you need to be successful in this course. FROM A Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre 589,. Copyright 2001-2023 OCLC. Catherine had not obtained Pope Gregory XIII's permission to celebrate this irregular marriage; consequently, the French prelates hesitated over which attitude to adopt. [76] The question of whether the massacre had long been premeditated was not entirely settled until the late 19th century by which time a consensus was reached that it was not.[77][78][79]. Follett completely clears King Charles IX and his mother Catherine of any complicity and depicts them as sincere proponents of religious toleration, caught by surprise and horrified by the events; he places the entire responsibility on the Guise Family, following the "Machiavellian" view of the massacre and depicting it as a complicated Guise conspiracy, meticulously planned in advance and implemented in full detail. This was the fourth civil war, and centred about a few fortified towns, such as La Rochelle, Montauban, and Nmes. [35] In Bordeaux the inflammatory sermon on September 29 of a Jesuit, Edmond Auger, encouraged the massacre that was to occur a few days later. Moreover seven of them shared a previous experience [they] had actually been taken over by Protestant minorities during the first civil war"[29], In several cases the Catholic party in the city believed they had received orders from the king to begin the massacre, some conveyed by visitors to the city, and in other cases apparently coming from a local nobleman or his agent. Despite the large numbers of pamphlets and broadsheets in circulation, literacy rates were still poor. 1st Edition ISBN: 9780547034997 Dahia Ibo Shabaka, Larry S. Krieger, Linda Black, Phillip C. Naylor, Roger B. Beck. I am convinced that only forgiveness, offered and received, leads little by little to a fruitful dialogue, which will in turn ensure a fully Christian reconciliation. The massacre caused a "major international crisis". The Edict of Boulogne (25 June, 1573) put an end to it, granting to all Huguenots amnesty for the past and liberty to worship in those three towns. Madame, the king refuses to involve himself in one war. Visages du massacre de la Saint-Bethlemy", 2021, La Dcouverte, ISBN 2348057883, Holt (2005 ed. The story was also taken up in 1772 by Louis-Sbastien Mercier in his play Jean Hennuyer, Bishop of Lizieux, unperformed until the French Revolution. Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598). Sample this version now as opposed to waiting for the physical edition. [27] According to some interpretations, the survival of these Huguenots was a key point in Catherine's overall scheme, to prevent the House of Guise from becoming too powerful. 127132, The range of estimates available in the mid-19th century, with other details, are summarized by the Huguenot statesman and historian, Lincoln, p. 97 (a "bare minimum of 2,000" in Paris), and, Howe, E. "Architecture in Vasari's 'Massacre of the Huguenots',". Soon afterward both sides prepared for a fourth civil war, which began before the end of the year. The Council of Trent (meets 1545-1563) C. Renewed power for the Roman Inquisition Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day - Britannica Here, he is relating the events leading up to the Massacre and the orders of the Queen of France, Catherine de'Medici. Even within the Louvre, Navarres attendants were slaughtered, though Navarre and Henry I de Bourbon, 2nd prince de Cond, were spared. [49], The French 18th-century historian Louis-Pierre Anquetil, in his Esprit de la Ligue of 1767, was among the first to begin impartial historical investigation, emphasizing the lack of premeditation (before the attempt on Coligny) in the massacre and that Catholic mob violence had a history of uncontrollable escalation. Learn how to enable JavaScript on your browser, Perspectives from the Past: Primary Sources in Western Civilizations / Edition 7 available in Ignatius of Loyola, from The Spiritual Exercises Modern historians are still divided over the responsibility of the royal family: The traditional interpretation makes Catherine de' Medici and her Catholic advisers the principal culprits in the execution of the principal military leaders.
